@inproceedings{nguyen-etal-2020-bertweet,
    title = "{BERT}weet: A pre-trained language model for {E}nglish Tweets",
    author = "Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Vu, Thanh  and
      Tuan Nguyen, Anh",
    editor = "Liu, Qun  and
      Schlangen, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
    month = oct,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-demos.2/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-demos.2",
    pages = "9--14",
    abstract = "We present BERTweet, the first public large-scale pre-trained language model for English Tweets. Our BERTweet, having the same architecture as BERT-base (Devlin et al., 2019), is trained using the RoBERTa pre-training procedure (Liu et al., 2019). Experiments show that BERTweet outperforms strong baselines RoBERTa-base and XLM-R-base (Conneau et al., 2020), producing better performance results than the previous state-of-the-art models on three Tweet NLP tasks: Part-of-speech tagging, Named-entity recognition and text classification. We release BERTweet under the MIT License to facilitate future research and applications on Tweet data. Our BERTweet is available at \url{https://github.com/VinAIResearch/BERTweet}"
}

@inproceedings{conover2011political,
  title        = {Political Polarization on Twitter},
  author       = {Conover, Michael D. and Ratkiewicz, Jacob and Francisco, Matthew and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Bruno and Menczer, Filippo and Flammini, Alessandro},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  year         = {2011},
  pages        = {89--96}
}

@article{barbera2015birds,
  title        = {Birds of the Same Feather Tweet Together: {B}ayesian Ideal Point Estimation Using Twitter Data},
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  journal      = {Political Analysis},
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  number       = {1},
  pages        = {76--91},
  year         = {2015},
  publisher    = {Cambridge University Press}
}

@inproceedings{garimella2017longterm,
  title        = {A Long-Term Analysis of Polarization on {T}witter},
  author       = {Garimella, Kiran and Weber, Ingmar},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  year         = {2017},
  pages        = {528--531}
}

@article{church1990word,
  title        = {Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography},
  author       = {Church, Kenneth W. and Hanks, Patrick},
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  author       = {Waseem, Zeerak and Hovy, Dirk},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop},
  pages        = {88--93},
  year         = {2016},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

@inproceedings{davidson2017automated,
  title        = {Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language},
  author       = {Davidson, Thomas and Warmsley, Dana and Macy, Michael and Weber, Ingmar},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 11th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  pages        = {512--515},
  year         = {2017}
}

@inproceedings{dixon2018measuring,
  title        = {Measuring and Mitigating Unintended Bias in Text Classification},
  author       = {Dixon, Lucas and Li, John and Sorensen, Jeffrey and Thain, Nithum and Vasserman, Lucy},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society},
  pages        = {67--73},
  year         = {2018},
  publisher    = {ACM},
  doi          = {10.1145/3278721.3278729}
}

@inproceedings{park2018reducing,
  title        = {Reducing Gender Bias in Abusive Language Detection},
  author       = {Park, Ji Ho and Shin, Jamin and Fung, Pascale},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  pages        = {2799--2804},
  year         = {2018},
  address      = {Brussels, Belgium},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  doi          = {10.18653/v1/D18-1302}
}

@inproceedings{kaushik2020learning,
  title        = {Learning the Difference that Makes a Difference with Counterfactually-Augmented Data},
  author       = {Kaushik, Divyansh and Hovy, Eduard and Lipton, Zachary C.},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
  year         = {2020},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.12434}
}

@inproceedings{madaan2021generate,
  title        = {Generate Your Counterfactuals: Towards Controlled Counterfactual Generation for Text},
  author       = {Madaan, Nishtha and Padhi, Inkit and Panwar, Naveen and Saha, Diptikalyan},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  volume       = {35},
  number       = {15},
  pages        = {13516--13524},
  year         = {2021},
  doi          = {10.1609/aaai.v35i15.17594}
}

@article{zhao2024llmaugment,
  title        = {Improving Text Classification with Large Language Model-Based Data Augmentation},
  author       = {Zhao, Huanhuan and Chen, Haihua and Feng, Yunhe and Yoon, Hong Jun},
  journal      = {Electronics},
  volume       = {13},
  number       = {13},
  pages        = {2535},
  year         = {2024},
  doi          = {10.3390/electronics13132535}
}

@article{pavlyshenko2025llmaugment,
  title        = {Using Large Language Models for Data Augmentation in Text Classification Models},
  author       = {Pavlyshenko, Bohdan and Stasiuk, Mykola},
  journal      = {International Journal of Computing},
  volume       = {24},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {148--154},
  year         = {2025},
  doi          = {10.47839/ijc.24.1.3886}
}

@misc{chai2025textaugment,
  title        = {Text Data Augmentation for Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Methods, Challenges, and Opportunities},
  author       = {Chai, Yaping and Xie, Haoran and Qin, Joe S.},
  year         = {2025},
  eprint       = {2501.18845},
  archivePrefix= {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.CL},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.18845}
}

@misc{ucb_blanca_2021,
  author       = {University of Colorado Boulder Research Computing},
  title        = {Blanca Condo Cluster},
  year         = {2021},
  institution  = {University of Colorado Boulder},
  doi          = {10.25811/v32c-gy42},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.25811/v32c-gy42}
}

@article{smith2024polarization,
  author    = {Smith, L. G. E. and Thomas, E. F. and Bliuc, Ana-Maria and others},
  title     = {Polarization is the psychological foundation of collective engagement},
  journal   = {Communications Psychology},
  volume    = {2},
  number    = {41},
  year      = {2024},
  doi       = {10.1038/s44271-024-00089-2},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00089-2},
  publisher = {Nature}
}

@misc{semeval2026task9,
  title        = {Call for Participation: SemEval 2026 Task 9 --- Detecting Multilingual, Multicultural, and Multievent Polarization},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.aclweb.org/portal/content/call-participation-semeval-2026-task-9-detecting-multilingual-multicultural-and-multievent}},
  note         = {Accessed: 2025-02-09},
  year         = {2025},
  publisher    = {ACL Special Interest Group on Semantics (SIGLEX)}
}

@article{Iyengar2019affective,
  title={Affective polarization in the digital age},
  author={Iyengar, Shanto and Lelkes, Yphtach and Levendusky, Matthew and Malhotra, Neil and Westwood, Sean J},
  journal={Annual Review of Political Science},
  volume={22},
  pages={129--146},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{Garimella2018polarization,
  title={Political polarization on social media: a literature review},
  author={Garimella, Kiran and Weber, Ingmar},
  booktitle={International Conference on Social Informatics},
  pages={34--35},
  year={2018}
}

@inproceedings{Waller2021context,
  title={Quantifying toxicity and contextualizing hate speech in online political discourse},
  author={Waller, Isaac and Anderson, Ashton and Park, Yong-Yeol and Macy, Michael},
  booktitle={ICWSM},
  year={2021}
}

@inproceedings{Mathew2020polarization,
  title={Analyzing polarization in social media: Method and application to tweets on climate change},
  author={Mathew, Binny and et al.},
  booktitle={WWW},
  year={2020}
}

@article{Tucker2018socialmedia,
  title={Social media, political polarization, and political disinformation: A review of the scientific literature},
  author={Tucker, Joshua A. and Guess, Andrew and Barberá, Pablo and et al.},
  journal={Political Polarization Workshop Report},
  year={2018}
}

@article{Williams2015networkpolitics,
  title={Network communities and political polarization online},
  author={Williams, Hywel and McMurray, Jeffrey and Kurz, Tim},
  journal={Political Studies},
  year={2015}
}

@inproceedings{Garimella2016quantifying,
  title={Quantifying controversy on social media},
  author={Garimella, Kiran and Morales, Gianmarco De Francisci and Gionis, Aristides and Mathioudakis, Michael},
  booktitle={WSDM},
  year={2016}
}

@inproceedings{naseem2026polar,

title = {{S}em{E}val-2026 Task 9: Detecting Multilingual, Multicultural and Multievent Online Polarization},

author = {Naseem, Usman and

           Geislinger, Robert and

           Ren, Juan and

           Kohail, Sarah and

           Garrido Veliz, Rudy and

           Sam Sahil, P and

           Zhang, Yiran and

           Stranisci, Marco Antonio and

           Abdulmumin, Idris and

           Alacam, {"O}zge and

           Acar{"u}rk, Cengiz and

           Jabr, Aisha and

           Anwar, Saba and

           Ayele, Abinew Ali and

           Tutubalina, Elena and

           Htet, Aung Kyaw and

           Wang, Xintong and

           Thapa, Surendrabikram and

           Chakraborty, Tanmoy and

           Kodati, Dheeraj and

           Moradizeyveh, Sahar and

           Alam, Firoj and

           Thu, Ye Kyaw and

           Parida, Shantipriya and

           Qazi, Ihsan Ayyub and

           Onyango, Nelson Odhiambo and

           Siro, Clemencia and

           Ahmad, Ibrahim Said and

           Wanzare, Lilian and

           Ali, Adem Chanie and

           Semmann, Martin and

           Biemann, Chris and

           Muhammad, Shamsuddeen Hassan and

           Yimam, Seid Muhie},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2026)},

year = {2026},

publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},

}

@misc{naseem2026polarbenchmarkmultilingualmulticultural,

  title={POLAR: A Benchmark for Multilingual, Multicultural, and Multi-Event Online Polarization},

  author={Usman Naseem and Robert Geislinger and Juan Ren and Sarah Kohail and Rudy Garrido Veliz and P Sam Sahil and Yiran Zhang and Marco Antonio Stranisci and Idris Abdulmumin and Özge Alacam and Cengiz Acartürk and Aisha Jabr and Saba Anwar and Abinew Ali Ayele and Simona Frenda and Alessandra Teresa Cignarella and Elena Tutubalina and Oleg Rogov and Aung Kyaw Htet and Xintong Wang and Surendrabikram Thapa and Kritesh Rauniyar and Tanmoy Chakraborty and Arfeen Zeeshan and Dheeraj Kodati and Satya Keerthi and Sahar Moradizeyveh and Firoj Alam and Arid Hasan and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed and Ye Kyaw Thu and Shantipriya Parida and Ihsan Ayyub Qazi and Lilian Wanzare and Nelson Odhiambo Onyango and Clemencia Siro and Jane Wanjiru Kimani and Ibrahim Said Ahmad and Adem Chanie Ali and Martin Semmann and Chris Biemann and Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad and Seid Muhie Yimam},

  year={2026},

  eprint={2505.20624},

  archivePrefix={arXiv},

  primaryClass={cs.CL},

  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.20624}, 
}