% Use this file for citations not found in the ACL Anthology (contained in "anthology.bib").

@article{article,
author = {Henke, Ryan E. and Berez-Kroeker, Andrea L.},
year = {2016},
month = {01},
pages = {411-457},
title = {A brief history of archiving in language documentation, with an annotated bibliography},
volume = {10}
}

@article{skilton2025digital,
  title={{Digital infrastructure and its impacts on language work: A case study of FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx)}},
  author={Skilton, Amalia and Pierson, Sofia Gottlieb and Ananthanarayan, Sunkulp and Bowern, Claire},
  journal={Language},
  volume={101},
  number={3},
  pages={e136--e165},
  year={2025},
  publisher={Linguistic Society of America}
}


@inproceedings{hammerlyTexttospeechSynthesisSystem2023,
	address = {Remote},
	title = {A text-to-speech synthesis system for {Border} {Lakes} {Ojibwe}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2023.computel-1.9/},
	urldate = {2026-04-12},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Sixth} {Workshop} on the {Use} of {Computational} {Methods} in the {Study} of {Endangered} {Languages}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Hammerly, Christopher and Fougère, Sonja and Sierra, Giancarlo and Parkhill, Scott and Porteous, Harrison and Quinn, Chad},
	editor = {Harrigan, Atticus and Chaudhary, Aditi and Rijhwani, Shruti and Moeller, Sarah and Arppe, Antti and Palmer, Alexis and Henke, Ryan and Rosenblum, Daisy},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {60--65},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/radmajik/Zotero/storage/5N77HCTB/Hammerly et al. - 2023 - A text-to-speech synthesis system for Border Lakes Ojibwe.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@inproceedings{lindenHFSTFrameworkCompiling2011,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {{HFST}—{Framework} for {Compiling} and {Applying} {Morphologies}},
	isbn = {978-3-642-23138-4},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-23138-4_5},
	abstract = {HFST–Helsinki Finite-State Technology (hfst.sf.net) is a framework for compiling and applying linguistic descriptions with finite-state methods. HFST currently connects some of the most important finite-state tools for creating morphologies and spellers into one open-source platform and supports extending and improving the descriptions with weights to accommodate the modeling of statistical information. HFST offers a path from language descriptions to efficient language applications in key environments and operating systems. HFST also provides an opportunity to exchange transducers between different software providers in order to get the best out of each finite-state library.},
	language = {en},
	booktitle = {Systems and {Frameworks} for {Computational} {Morphology}},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Lindén, Krister and Axelson, Erik and Hardwick, Sam and Pirinen, Tommi A. and Silfverberg, Miikka},
	editor = {Mahlow, Cerstin and Piotrowski, Michael},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {Finite-state libraries, finite-state morphology, natural language applications},
	pages = {67--85},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/radmajik/Zotero/storage/HNZAVT6G/Lindén et al. - 2011 - HFST—Framework for Compiling and Applying Morphologies.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@inproceedings{ginn-etal-2024-teach,
    title = "Can we teach language models to gloss endangered languages?",
    author = "Ginn, Michael  and
      Hulden, Mans  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    editor = "Al-Onaizan, Yaser  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024",
    month = nov,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Miami, Florida, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-emnlp.337/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.337",
    pages = "5861--5876",
    abstract = "Interlinear glossed text (IGT) is a popular format in language documentation projects, where each morpheme is labeled with a descriptive annotation. Automating the creation of interlinear glossed text would be desirable to reduce annotator effort and maintain consistency across annotated corpora. Prior research has explored a number of statistical and neural methods for automatically producing IGT. As large language models (LLMs) have showed promising results across multilingual tasks, even for rare, endangered languages, it is natural to wonder whether they can be utilized for the task of generating IGT. We explore whether LLMs can be effective at the task of interlinear glossing with in-context learning, without any traditional training. We propose new approaches for selecting examples to provide in-context, observing that targeted selection can significantly improve performance. We find that LLM-based methods beat standard transformer baselines, despite requiring no training at all. These approaches still underperform state-of-the-art supervised systems for the task, but are highly practical for researchers outside of the NLP community, requiring minimal effort to use."
}

@inproceedings{liang-etal-2026-hybrid,
    title = {{Hybrid Neural-{LLM} Pipeline for Morphological Glossing in Endangered Language Documentation: A Case Study of Jungar Tuvan}},
    author = "Liang, Siyu  and
      Mawkanuli, Talant  and
      Levow, Gina-Anne",
    editor = "Le Ferrand, {\'E}ric  and
      Klyachko, Elena  and
      Okabe, Shu  and
      Voloshina, Ekaterina  and
      Serikov, Oleg  and
      Shavrina, Tatiana  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on {NLP} Applications to Field Linguistics",
    month = mar,
    year = "2026",
    address = "Rabat, Morocco",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.fieldmatters-1.3/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2026.fieldmatters-1.3",
    pages = "16--30",
    abstract = "Interlinear glossed text (IGT) creation remains a major bottleneck in linguistic documentation and fieldwork, particularly for low-resource morphologically rich languages. We present a hybrid automatic glossing pipeline that combines neural sequence labeling with large language model (LLM) post-correction, evaluated on Jungar Tuvan, a low-resource Turkic language. Through systematic ablation studies, we show that retrieval-augmented prompting provides substantial gains over random example selection. We further find that morpheme dictionaries paradoxically hurt performance compared to providing no dictionary at all in most cases, and that performance scales approximately logarithmically with the number of few-shot examples. Most significantly, our two-stage pipeline combining a BiLSTM-CRF model with LLM post-correction yields substantial gains for most models, achieving meaningful reductions in annotation workload. Drawing on these findings, we establish concrete design principles for integrating structured prediction models with LLM reasoning in morphologically complex fieldwork contexts. These principles demonstrate that hybrid architectures offer a promising direction for computationally light solutions to automatic linguistic annotation in endangered language documentation."
}

@inproceedings{flavelle-lachler-2023-strengthening,
    title = {{Strengthening Relationships Between Indigenous Communities, Documentary Linguists, and Computational Linguists in the Era of {NLP}-Assisted Language Revitalization}},
    author = "Flavelle, Darren  and
      Lachler, Jordan",
    editor = "Dev, Sunipa  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Adelani, David Ifeoluwa  and
      Hovy, Dirk  and
      Benotti, Luciana",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Cross-Cultural Considerations in NLP (C3NLP)",
    month = may,
    year = "2023",
    address = "Dubrovnik, Croatia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.c3nlp-1.4/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2023.c3nlp-1.4",
    pages = "25--34",
    abstract = "As the global crisis of language endangerment deepens, Indigenous communities have continued to seek new means of preserving, promoting and passing on their languages to future generations. For many communities, modern language technology holds the promise of accelerating that process. However, the cultural and disciplinary divides between documentary linguists, computational linguists and Indigenous communities have posed an on-going challenge for the development and deployment of NLP applications that can support the documentation and revitalization of Indigenous languages. In this paper, we discuss the main barriers to collaboration that these groups have encountered, as well as some notable initiatives in recent years to bring the groups closer together. We follow this with specific recommendations to build upon those efforts, calling for increased opportunities for awareness-building and skills-training in computational linguistics, tailored to the specific needs of both documentary linguists and Indigenous community members. We see this as an essential step as we move forward into an era of NLP-assisted language revitalization."
}


@inproceedings{moellerMachineintheLoopDocumentaryDescriptive2024,
	address = {St. Julians, Malta},
	title = {Machine-in-the-{Loop} with {Documentary} and {Descriptive} {Linguists}},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.computel-1.5/},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2024.computel-1.5},
	abstract = {This paper describes a curriculum for teaching linguists how to apply machine-in-the-loop (MitL) approach to documentary and descriptive tasks. It also shares observations about the learning participants, who are primarily non-computational linguists, and how they interact with the MitL approach. We found that they prefer cleaning over increasing the training data and then proceed to reanalyze their analytical decisions, before finally undertaking small actions that emphasize analytical strategies. Overall, participants display an understanding of the curriculum which covers fundamental concepts of machine learning and statistical modeling.},
	urldate = {2026-04-09},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Seventh} {Workshop} on the {Use} of {Computational} {Methods} in the {Study} of {Endangered} {Languages}},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	author = {Moeller, Sarah and Arppe, Antti},
	editor = {Moeller, Sarah and Agyapong, Godfred and Arppe, Antti and Chaudhary, Aditi and Rijhwani, Shruti and Cox, Christopher and Henke, Ryan and Palmer, Alexis and Rosenblum, Daisy and Schwartz, Lane},
	month = mar,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {27--32},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/radmajik/Zotero/storage/YLVGRKGC/Moeller and Arppe - 2024 - Machine-in-the-Loop with Documentary and Descriptive Linguists.pdf:application/pdf},
}


@inproceedings{gessler-2022-closing,
    title = {{Closing the {NLP} Gap: Documentary Linguistics and {NLP} Need a Shared Software Infrastructure}},
    author = "Gessler, Luke",
    editor = "Moeller, Sarah  and
      Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Chaudhary, Aditi  and
      Harrigan, Atticus  and
      Holden, Josh  and
      Lachler, Jordan  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = may,
    year = "2022",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.computel-1.15/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2022.computel-1.15",
    pages = "119--126",
    abstract = "For decades, researchers in natural language processing and computational linguistics have been developing models and algorithms that aim to serve the needs of language documentation projects. However, these models have seen little use in language documentation despite their great potential for making documentary linguistic artefacts better and easier to produce. In this work, we argue that a major reason for this NLP gap is the lack of a strong foundation of application software which can on the one hand serve the complex needs of language documentation and on the other hand provide effortless integration with NLP models. We further present and describe a work-in-progress system we have developed to serve this need, Glam."
}

@article{tayloradams2019recording,
  author  = {Taylor-Adams, Angela},
  title   = {{Recording to revitalize: Language teachers and documentation design}},
  journal = {Language Documentation \& Conservation},
  volume  = {13},
  pages   = {426--445},
  year    = {2019}
}

@article{ajani2024,
  author  = {Ajani, Yusuf Ayodeji and Oladokun, Bolaji David and Olarongbe, Shuaib Agboola and Amaechi, Margaret Nkechi and Rabiu, Nafisa and Bashorun, Musediq Tunji},
  title   = {{Revitalizing Indigenous Knowledge Systems via Digital Media Technologies for Sustainability of Indigenous Languages}},
  journal = {Preservation, Digital Technology \& Culture},
  volume  = {53},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {35--44},
  year    = {2024},
  doi     = {10.1515/pdtc-2023-0051}
}


@article{Chew2023,
author = {Chew, Kari A.B. and Child, Sara and Dormer, Jackie and Little, Alexa and Sammons, Olivia and Souter, Heather},
title = {{Creating Online Indigenous Language Courses as Decolonizing Praxis}},
journal = {The Canadian Modern Language Review},
volume = {79},
number = {3},
pages = {181-203},
year = {2023},
doi = {10.3138/cmlr-2021-0080},

URL = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr-2021-0080
    
    

},
eprint = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr-2021-0080
    
    

}
,
    abstract = { This article shares a participatory action research project about the use of technology, specifically online Indigenous language courses, to learn and teach Indigenous languages. The research collaborators are the NEȾOLṈEW̱ “one mind, one people” Partnership, 7000 Languages, and two Indigenous Partners who have created courses with 7000 Languages: the Hase’ Language Revitalization Society and the Prairies to Woodlands Indigenous Language Revitalization Circle (P2WILRC). Together we consider (a) how Indigenous Nations and organizations create and implement online courses for their languages and (b) what community-led interventions could make these efforts more effective. We position our work together as decolonizing and transformative praxis toward the continuance of Kwak̓wala, Michif, and other Indigenous languages. }
}


@article{galla2016,
  author  = {Galla, Candace K.},
  title   = {Indigenous language revitalization, promotion, and education: function of digital technology},
  journal = {Computer Assisted Language Learning},
  volume  = {29},
  number  = {7},
  pages   = {1137--1151},
  year    = {2016},
  doi     = {10.1080/09588221.2016.1166137}
}


@article{schwab-cartas,
author = {Schwab-Cartas, Joshua},
title = {{Keeping Up with the Sun: Revitalizing Isthmus Zapotec and Ancestral Practices through Cellphilms}},
journal = {The Canadian Modern Language Review},
volume = {74},
number = {3},
pages = {363-387},
year = {2018},
doi = {10.3138/cmlr.4056},

URL = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.4056   

},
eprint = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.4056
    
    

}
,
    abstract = { This article describes how cellphone technology, specifically cellphilms – films of varying lengths made with cellphones by everyday people – are being taken up in the community of Union Hidalgo as a platform to foster an intergenerational dialogue between youth and Elders, with the specific goal of preserving the Zapotec language and ancestral practices. The study is rooted in two distinct but complementary methodologies. The first is an Indigenous Oaxacan methodology or practice known as comunalidad, a process rooted in a commitment to strengthening the future of communal lifeways. These lifeways reflect the values of the Zapotec ancestors, the community, and local Indigenous identity by asserting strategies that engage a cultural praxis that does not perceive education in terms of formal classroom curriculum. Rather, they engage the cultural process of learning, whether it is making tamales, planting corn crops, or “doing” other embodied ancestral Zapotec practices. This comunalidad methodology is merged with a participatory cellphilm method, in the form of a series of workshops adapting cellphone video, Web, and social-media technologies. The results included a dialogue about how new technologies can inform the transfer of Indigenous ancestral knowledge, language, and embodied practices in the twenty-first century. }
}



@article{bishop2022,
  author  = {Bishop, M.},
  title   = {{Elders’ conversations: Perspectives on leveraging digital technology in language revival}},
  journal = {The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {1--13},
  year    = {2022},
  doi     = {10.18357/otessaj.2022.2.2.21}
}

@article{TennellandChew,
author = {Courtney Tennell and Kari AB Chew},
title ={{Perspectives on relationality in online Indigenous language learning}},

journal = {AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {512-520},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.1177/11771801241261699},

URL = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801241261699
    
    

},
eprint = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801241261699
    
    

}
,
    abstract = { This study focuses on perspectives and experiences of Indigenous community members who have either created or are in the process of creating computer-assisted language learning courses for Indigenous languages and how these community members center relationality in the creation of the courses. We engaged a decolonizing and relational methodology to document Indigenous language courses and co-create knowledge with Indigenous language course creators. We conducted qualitative interviews with creators of 11 asynchronous Indigenous language computer-assisted language learning courses to learn how these creators enact relationality and cultural values in online language courses. From analysis of these interviews, five key themes emerged related to: (a) language planning; (b) partnering with technology providers; (c) Indigenous expertise; (d) decolonizing praxis; and (e) relational epistemologies. The researchers share ways that communities can center relational epistemologies when creating their own computer-assisted language learning courses. }
}


@inproceedings{mainzinger-2024-technology,
    title = {{Technology and Language Revitalization: A Roadmap for the Mvskoke Language}},
    author = "Mainzinger, Julia",
    editor = "Moeller, Sarah  and
      Agyapong, Godfred  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Chaudhary, Aditi  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Cox, Christopher  and
      Henke, Ryan  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Rosenblum, Daisy  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2024",
    address = "St. Julians, Malta",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.computel-1.2/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.computel-1.2",
    pages = "7--12",
    abstract = "This paper is a discussion of how NLP can come alongside community efforts to aid in revitalizing the Mvskoke language. Mvskoke is a language indigenous to the southeastern United States that has seen an increase in language revitalization efforts in the last few years. This paper presents an overview of available resources in Mvskoke, an exploration of relevant NLP tasks and related work in endangered language contexts, and applications to language revitalization."
}

@inproceedings{ginn-etal-2024-belt-building,
    title = "{BELT}: Building Endangered Language Technology",
    author = "Ginn, Michael  and
      Saavedra-Beltr{\'a}n, David  and
      Robayo, Camilo  and
      Palmer, Alexis",
    editor = {Al-azzawi, Sana  and
      Biester, Laura  and
      Kov{\'a}cs, Gy{\"o}rgy  and
      Marasovi{\'c}, Ana  and
      Mathur, Leena  and
      Mieskes, Margot  and
      Weissweiler, Leonie},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Teaching NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Bangkok, Thailand",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.teachingnlp-1.15/",
    pages = "94--104",
    abstract = "The development of language technology (LT) for an endangered language is often identified as a goal in language revitalization efforts, but developing such technologies is typically subject to additional methodological challenges as well as social and ethical concerns. In particular, LT development has too often taken on colonialist qualities, extracting language data, relying on outside experts, and denying the speakers of a language sovereignty over the technologies produced.We seek to avoid such an approach through the development of the Building Endangered Language Technology (BELT) website, an educational resource designed for speakers and community members with limited technological experience to develop LTs for their own language. Specifically, BELT provides interactive lessons on basic Python programming, coupled with projects to develop specific language technologies, such as spellcheckers or word games. In this paper, we describe BELT{'}s design, the motivation underlying many key decisions, and preliminary responses from learners."
}

@book{mithun2001languages,
  title={{The languages of native North America}},
  author={Mithun, Marianne},
  year={2001},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@inproceedings{pugh-tyers-2023-finite,
    title = "A finite-state morphological analyser for {H}ighland {P}uebla {N}ahuatl",
    author = "Pugh, Robert  and
      Tyers, Francis",
    editor = "Mager, Manuel  and
      Ebrahimi, Abteen  and
      Oncevay, Arturo  and
      Rice, Enora  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Kann, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Indigenous Languages of the Americas (AmericasNLP)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2023",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.americasnlp-1.12/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2023.americasnlp-1.12",
    pages = "103--108",
    abstract = "This paper describes the development of a free/open-source finite-state morphologicaltransducer for Highland Puebla Nahuatl, a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in and around the stateof Puebla in Mexico. The finite-state toolkit used for the work is the Helsinki Finite-StateToolkit (HFST); we use the lexc formalism for modelling the morphotactics and twol formal-ism for modelling morphophonological alternations. An evaluation is presented which showsthat the transducer has a reasonable coveragearound 90{\%}on freely-available corpora of the language, and high precisionover 95{\%}on a manually verified test set"
}

@article{hammerly-etal-2026,
  author = {Hammerly, Christopher and Livesay, Nora and Arppe, Antti and Stacey, Anna and Silfverberg, Miikka},
  title = {{OjibweMorph: An Approachable Finite-State Transducer for Ojibwe (and Beyond)}},
  journal = {Language Resources and Evaluation},
  volume = {60},
  pages = {27},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1007/s10579-025-09887-4}
}

@article{debenport-etal-2023,
  author = {Debenport, Erin and Goeman, Mishuana and Montenegro, Maria and Wynne, Michael},
  title = {{How a Dictionary Became an Archive: Community Language Reclamation Using the Mukurtu Content Management System}},
  journal = {Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America},
  volume = {44},
  number = {2},
  pages = {29--55},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1353/dic.2023.a915064}
}


@inproceedings{oneil-etal-2024-computational,
    title = {{Computational Language Documentation: Designing a Modular Annotation and Data Management Tool for Cross-cultural Applicability}},
    author = "O{'}Neil, Alexandra  and
      Swanson, Daniel  and
      Chelliah, Shobhana",
    editor = "Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Dev, Sunipa  and
      Benotti, Luciana  and
      Hershcovich, Daniel  and
      Cabello, Laura  and
      Cao, Yong  and
      Adebara, Ife  and
      Zhou, Li",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Cross-Cultural Considerations in NLP",
    month = aug,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Bangkok, Thailand",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.c3nlp-1.9/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.c3nlp-1.9",
    pages = "107--116",
    abstract = "While developing computational language documentation tools, researchers must center the role of language communities in the process by carefully reflecting on and designing tools to support the varying needs and priorities of different language communities. This paper provides an example of how cross-cultural considerations discussed in literature about language documentation, data sovereignty, and community-led documentation projects can motivate the design of a computational language documentation tool by reflecting on our design process as we work towards developing an annotation and data management tool. We identify three recurring themes for cross-cultural consideration in the literature - Linguistic Sovereignty, Cultural Specificity, and Reciprocity - and present eight essential features for an annotation and data management tool that reflect these themes."
}



@article{galla2018,
author = {Candace Galla},
title = {{Technology Training and Praxis at the American Indian Language Development Institute: Computer Applications for Indigenous Language Communities}},
journal = {The Canadian Modern Language Review},
volume = {74},
number = {3},
pages = {388-433},
year = {2018},
doi = {10.3138/cmlr.4044},

URL = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.4044
},
eprint = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.4044
}

}

@inproceedings{daigneault-anderson-2025-citizen,
    title = {{Citizen linguists and decolonial lexicography: Co-creative dictionary-building in grassroots digital language documentation}},
    author = "Daigneault, Anna Luisa  and
      Anderson, Gregory",
    editor = "Lachler, Jordan  and
      Agyapong, Godfred  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Moeller, Sarah  and
      Chaudhary, Aditi  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Rosenblum, Daisy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.computel-main.3/",
    pages = "20--28",
    abstract = "Many endangered, under-represented, minority and Indigenous language communities around the world need access to multilingual online resources to survive in the digital age. The Living Dictionaries platform provides a collaborative online space for professional linguists and citizen-linguists alike to produce their own grassroots digital dictionaries that include multimedia such as audio recordings and images. These online lexica can play an important role in assisting present and future generations in combatting language loss and creating visibility for their languages and cultures on the Internet."
}

@inproceedings{reyes-garcia-2024-field,
    title = {{From Field Linguistics to NLP: Creating a curated dataset in Amuzgo language}},
    author = "Reyes, Antonio  and
      Garc{\'i}a, Hamlet Antonio",
    editor = "Mager, Manuel  and
      Ebrahimi, Abteen  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Oncevay, Arturo  and
      Chiruzzo, Luis  and
      Pugh, Robert  and
      von der Wense, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Indigenous Languages of the Americas (AmericasNLP 2024)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Mexico City, Mexico",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.americasnlp-1.14/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.americasnlp-1.14",
    pages = "127--131",
    abstract = "This article presents an ongoing research on one of the several native languages of the Americas: Amuzgo or jny{'}on3 nda3 . This language is spoken in Southern Mexico and belongs to the Otomanguean family. Although Amuzgo vitality is stable and there are some available resources, such as grammars, dictionaries, or literature, its digital inclusion is emerging (cf. Eberhard et al. (2024)). In this respect, here is described the creation of a curated dataset in Amuzgo. This resource is intended to contribute the development of tools for scarce resources languages by providing fine-grained linguistic information in different layers: From data collection with native speakers to data annotation. The dataset was built according to the following method: i) data collection in Amuzgo by means of linguistic fieldwork; ii) acoustic data processing; iii) data transcription; iv) glossing and translating data into Spanish; v) semiautomatic alignment of translations; and vi) data systematization. This resource is released as an open access dataset to foster the academic community to explore the richness of this language."
}

@article{bettinson-bird-2021-collaborative,
  author    = {Bettinson, Mat and Bird, Steven},
  title     = {Collaborative Fieldwork with Custom Mobile Apps},
  journal   = {Language Documentation \& Conservation},
  volume    = {15},
  pages     = {411--432},
  year      = {2021},
  publisher = {University of Hawai'i Press},
  url       = {http://hdl.handle.net/10125/74665}
}

@inproceedings{cox-etal-2025-creating,
    title = "Creating an intelligent dictionary of Tsuut{'}ina one verb at a time",
    author = "Cox, Christopher  and
      Starlight, Bruce  and
      Crane-Starlight, Janelle  and
      Big Crow, Hanna  and
      Arppe, Antti",
    editor = "Lachler, Jordan  and
      Agyapong, Godfred  and
      Arppe, Antti  and
      Moeller, Sarah  and
      Chaudhary, Aditi  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Rosenblum, Daisy",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eight Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Honolulu, Hawaii, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.computel-main.12/",
    pages = "110--119",
    abstract = "In this paper, we discuss the development of a long-term partnership between community and university-based language workers to create supportive language technologies for Tsuutina, a critically endangered Dene language spoken in southern Alberta, Canada. Initial development activities in this partnership sought to rapidly integrate existing language materials, with the aim of arriving at tools that would be effective and impactful for community use by virtue of their extensive lexical coverage. We describe how, as this partnership developed, this approach was gradually superseded by one that involved a more targeted, lexical-item-by-lexical-item review process that was directly informed by other community language priorities and connected to the work a local language authority. We describe how this shift in processes correlated with other changes in local language programs and priorities, noting how ongoing communication allowed this partnership to adapt to the evolving needs of local organizations."
}

@inproceedings{le-ferrand-etal-2022-fashioning,
    title = "Fashioning Local Designs from Generic Speech Technologies in an {A}ustralian Aboriginal Community",
    author = "Le Ferrand, {\'E}ric  and
      Bird, Steven  and
      Besacier, Laurent",
    editor = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Huang, Chu-Ren  and
      Kim, Hansaem  and
      Pustejovsky, James  and
      Wanner, Leo  and
      Choi, Key-Sun  and
      Ryu, Pum-Mo  and
      Chen, Hsin-Hsi  and
      Donatelli, Lucia  and
      Ji, Heng  and
      Kurohashi, Sadao  and
      Paggio, Patrizia  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Kim, Seokhwan  and
      Hahm, Younggyun  and
      He, Zhong  and
      Lee, Tony Kyungil  and
      Santus, Enrico  and
      Bond, Francis  and
      Na, Seung-Hoon",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2022",
    address = "Gyeongju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.coling-1.376/",
    pages = "4274--4285",
    abstract = "An increasing number of papers have been addressing issues related to low-resource languages and the transcription bottleneck paradigm. After several years spent in Northern Australia, where some of the strongest Aboriginal languages are spoken, we could observe a gap between the motivations depicted in research contributions in this space and the Northern Australian context. In this paper, we address this gap in research by exploring the potential of speech recognition in an Aboriginal community. We describe our work from training a spoken term detection system to its implementation in an activity with Aboriginal participants. We report here on one side how speech recognition technologies can find their place in an Aboriginal context and, on the other, methodological paths that allowed us to reach better comprehension and engagement from Aboriginal participants."
}

@article{Chew2021,
  title={{#KeepOurLanguagesStrong: Indigenous Language Revitalization on Social Media during the Early COVID-19 Pandemic}},
  author={Kari A. B. Chew},
  journal={Language Documentation and Conservation},
  year={2021},
  volume={15},
  pages={239-266},
  url={https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/b5baa6d3-e201-40b3-8dac-521f0a109377}
}


@inproceedings{lane-bird-2022-finite,
    title = "A Finite State Aproach to Interactive Transcription",
    author = "Lane, William  and
      Bird, Steven",
    editor = "Serikov, Oleg  and
      Voloshina, Ekaterina  and
      Postnikova, Anna  and
      Klyachko, Elena  and
      Neminova, Ekaterina  and
      Vylomova, Ekaterina  and
      Shavrina, Tatiana  and
      Ferrand, Eric Le  and
      Malykh, Valentin  and
      Tyers, Francis  and
      Arkhangelskiy, Timofey  and
      Mikhailov, Vladislav  and
      Fenogenova, Alena",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the First Workshop on NLP applications to field linguistics",
    month = oct,
    year = "2022",
    address = "Gyeongju, Republic of Korea",
    publisher = "International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.fieldmatters-1.1/",
    pages = "1--10",
    abstract = "We describe a novel approach to transcribing morphologically complex, local, oral languages. The approach connects with local motivations for participating in language work which center on language learning, accessing the content of audio collections, and applying this knowledge in language revitalization and maintenance. We develop a constraint-based approach to interactive word completion, expressed using Optimality Theoretic constraints, implemented in a finite state transducer, and applied to an Indigenous language. We show that this approach suggests correct full word predictions on 57.9{\%} of the test utterances, and correct partial word predictions on 67.5{\%} of the test utterances. In total, 87{\%} of the test utterances receive full or partial word suggestions which serve to guide the interactive transcription process."
}

@inproceedings{nicolai-etal-2020,
    title = {{Fine-grained Morphosyntactic Analysis and Generation Tools for More Than One Thousand Languages}},
    author = "Nicolai, Garrett  and
      Lewis, Dylan  and
      McCarthy, Arya D.  and
      Mueller, Aaron  and
      Wu, Winston  and
      Yarowsky, David",
    editor = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      B{\'e}chet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric  and
      Blache, Philippe  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Cieri, Christopher  and
      Declerck, Thierry  and
      Goggi, Sara  and
      Isahara, Hitoshi  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Moreno, Asuncion  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Piperidis, Stelios",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.488/",
    pages = "3963--3972",
    language = "eng",
    ISBN = "979-10-95546-34-4",
    abstract = "Exploiting the broad translation of the Bible into the world{'}s languages, we train and distribute morphosyntactic tools for approximately one thousand languages, vastly outstripping previous distributions of tools devoted to the processing of inflectional morphology. Evaluation of the tools on a subset of available inflectional dictionaries demonstrates strong initial models, supplemented and improved through ensembling and dictionary-based reranking. Likewise, a novel type-to-token based evaluation metric allows us to confirm that models generalize well across rare and common forms alike"
}

@inproceedings{wilbur-2019-elan,
    title = {{ELAN as a search engine for hierarchically structured, tagged corpora}},
    author = "Wilbur, Joshua",
    editor = "Pirinen, Tommi A.  and
      Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan  and
      Tyers, Francis M.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
    month = jan,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Tartu, Estonia",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/W19-0308/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-0308",
    pages = "90--103"
}

@book{Kukutai&Taylor,
    author ={Tahu Kukutai and John Taylor} ,
    title ={{Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an agenda}} ,
    publisher = {{ANU Press}} ,
    year = 2017
}

@article{Digitaldivide,
author = {Korostelina, Karina V. and Barrett, Jocelyn},
title = {{Bridging the digital divide for Native American tribes: Roadblocks to broadband and community resilience}},
journal = {Policy \& Internet},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {306-326},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.339},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.339},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/poi3.339},
year = {2023}
}

@article{Meighan2024,
  title={{Indigenous language revitalization using TEK-nology: how can traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and technology support intergenerational language transmission?}},
  author={Paul J. Meighan},
  journal={Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development},
  year={2024},
  volume={45},
  pages={3059–3077},
  url={https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2084548}
}

@article{meighan2021decolonizing,
  author    = {Paul J. Meighan},
  title     = {{Decolonizing the digital landscape: the role of technology in Indigenous language revitalization}},
  journal   = {AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples},
  volume    = {17},
  year      = {2021},
  doi       = {10.1177/11771801211037672}
}

@mastersthesis{mauger2025digital,
  author       = {Stacey Mauger},
  title        = {{The role of digital technology in Indigenous language revitalization: a systematic review of barriers, opportunities, and effective practices}},
  school       = {Ontario Tech University},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://hdl.handle.net/10155/1976}
}

@article{kitchenham,
author = {Andrew Kitchenham},
title ={{The Preservation of Canadian Indigenous Language and Culture through Educational Technology}},

journal = {AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {351-364},
year = {2013},
doi = {10.1177/117718011300900406},

URL = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.1177/117718011300900406

},
eprint = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.1177/117718011300900406
    
}
,
    abstract = { This study was a preliminary investigation into the preservation of Indigenous language and culture through educational technology. Using the research methods of an online questionnaire, on-site visits, semi-structured interviews and reflective journals, I examined current methods adopted by Aboriginal Language and Culture (ALC) teachers in British Columbia. This article provides the summary of the online questionnaire. The results indicate that teachers are using a mix of outdated non-technological second-language methods such as flashcards and worksheets with more-recent methods such as Elders and experiential learning. The results also indicate that there is a mismatch between what teachers report as the methods they use and the effectiveness of those methods. The teachers are using technological tools such as interactive whiteboards, digital video cameras and the Internet, but they do not appear to be accessing online resources that are either targeted for Indigenous language use or could be easily adapted for language preservation. The extant literature on Indigenous learning styles and on the use of technology in Indigenous language and culture classrooms supports my findings. }
}

@article{wagner2017,
author = {Wagner, Irina},
year = {2017},
month = {06},
journal = {Language Documentation & Conservation},
pages = {},
title = {{New Technologies, Same Ideologies: Learning from Language Revitalization Online}}
}

@article{richards2025warrma,
  author  = {Richards, Mark and Jones, Caroline and Lardy, Josephine and Godden, Anna and Godden, Wanirr and Bock, Sarah and Lardy, Helena},
  title   = {{Warrma Mangarrayi: Co-Designing an App for Learning Mangarrayi, an Indigenous Language of Northern Australia}},
  journal = {International Journal of Human--Computer Interaction},
  volume  = {41},
  number  = {11},
  pages   = {7172--7189},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.1080/10447318.2024.2381924}
}


@inproceedings{neubig-etal-2020-summary,
    title = {{A Summary of the First Workshop on Language Technology for Language Documentation and Revitalization}},
    author = "Neubig, Graham  and
      Rijhwani, Shruti  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      MacKenzie, Jordan  and
      Cruz, Hilaria  and
      Li, Xinjian  and
      Lee, Matthew  and
      Chaudhary, Aditi  and
      Gessler, Luke  and
      Abney, Steven  and
      Hayati, Shirley Anugrah  and
      Anastasopoulos, Antonios  and
      Zamaraeva, Olga  and
      Prud{'}hommeaux, Emily  and
      Child, Jennette  and
      Child, Sara  and
      Knowles, Rebecca  and
      Moeller, Sarah  and
      Micher, Jeffrey  and
      Li, Yiyuan  and
      Zink, Sydney  and
      Xia, Mengzhou  and
      Sharma, Roshan  and
      Littell, Patrick",
    editor = "Beermann, Dorothee  and
      Besacier, Laurent  and
      Sakti, Sakriani  and
      Soria, Claudia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Joint Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-resourced languages (SLTU) and Collaboration and Computing for Under-Resourced Languages (CCURL)",
    month = may,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "European Language Resources association",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.sltu-1.48/",
    pages = "342--351",
    language = "eng",
    ISBN = "979-10-95546-35-1",
    }

@article{wiltshire-etal-2024-understanding,
  title = {{Understanding How Language Revitalisation Works: A Realist Synthesis}},
  author = {Wiltshire, Benjamin and Bird, Steven and Hardwick, Richard},
  journal = {Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development},
  volume = {45},
  number = {9},
  pages = {3946--3962},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1080/01434632.2022.2134877}
}

@inproceedings{wittenburg-etal-2006-elan,
    title = {{ELAN: a Professional Framework for Multimodality Research}},
    author = "Wittenburg, Peter  and
      Brugman, Hennie  and
      Russel, Albert  and
      Klassmann, Alex  and
      Sloetjes, Han",
    editor = "Calzolari, Nicoletta  and
      Choukri, Khalid  and
      Gangemi, Aldo  and
      Maegaard, Bente  and
      Mariani, Joseph  and
      Odijk, Jan  and
      Tapias, Daniel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}{'}06)",
    month = may,
    year = "2006",
    address = "Genoa, Italy",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/L06-1082/",
    abstract = "Utilization of computer tools in linguistic research has gained importance with the maturation of media frameworks for the handling of digital audio and video. The increased use of these tools in gesture, sign language and multimodal interaction studies has led to stronger requirements on the flexibility, the efficiency and in particular the time accuracy of annotation tools. This paper describes the efforts made to make ELAN a tool that meets these requirements, with special attention to the developments in the area of time accuracy. In subsequent sections an overview will be given of other enhancements in the latest versions of ELAN that makes it a useful tool in multimodality research."
}

@inproceedings{littell-etal-2017-waldayu,
    title = {{Waldayu and Waldayu Mobile: Modern digital dictionary interfaces for endangered languages}},
    author = "Littell, Patrick  and
      Pine, Aidan  and
      Davis, Henry",
    editor = "Arppe, Antti  and
      Good, Jeff  and
      Hulden, Mans  and
      Lachler, Jordan  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Schwartz, Lane",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages",
    month = mar,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Honolulu",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/W17-0119/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-0119",
    pages = "141--150"
}

@inproceedings{kazantseva-etal-2018-kawennon,
    title = "{K}awenn{\'o}n:nis: the Wordmaker for {K}anyen{'}k{\'e}ha",
    author = "Kazantseva, Anna  and
      Maracle, Owennatekha Brian  and
      Maracle, Ronkwe{'}tiy{\'o}hstha Josiah  and
      Pine, Aidan",
    editor = "Klavans, Judith L.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Modeling of Polysynthetic Languages",
    month = aug,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/W18-4806/",
    pages = "53--64",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe preliminary work on Kawenn{\'o}n:nis, a verb conjugator for Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha (Ohsweken dialect). The project is the result of a collaboration between Onkwawenna Kentyohkwa Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha immersion school and the Canadian National Research Council{'}s Indigenous Language Technology lab. The purpose of Kawenn{\'o}n:nis is to build on the educational successes of the Onkwawenna Kentyohkwa school and develop a tool that assists students in learning how to conjugate verbs in Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha; a skill that is essential to mastering the language. Kawenn{\'o}n:nis is implemented with both web and mobile front-ends that communicate with an application programming interface that in turn communicates with a symbolic language model implemented as a finite state transducer. Eventually, it will serve as a foundation for several other applications for both Kanyen{'}k{\'e}ha and other Iroquoian languages."
}

@inproceedings{pirinen-etal-2023-giellalt,
    title = "{G}iella{LT} {---} a stable infrastructure for {N}ordic minority languages and beyond",
    author = "Pirinen, Flammie A  and
      Moshagen, Sjur N.  and
      Hiovain-Asikainen, Katri",
    editor = {Alum{\"a}e, Tanel  and
      Fishel, Mark},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa)",
    month = may,
    year = "2023",
    address = "T{\'o}rshavn, Faroe Islands",
    publisher = "University of Tartu Library",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.nodalida-1.63/",
    pages = "643--649",
    abstract = "Long term language technology infrastructures are critical for continued maintenance of language technology based software that is used to support the use of languages in digital world. In Nordic area we have languages ranging from well-resourced national majority languages like Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish as well as minoritised, unresourced and indigenous languages like S{\'a}mi languages. We present an infrastructure that has been build in over 20 years time that supports building language technology and tools for most of the Nordic languages as well as many of the languages all over the world, with focus on S{\'a}mi and other indigenous, minoritised and unresourced languages. We show that one common infrastructure can be used to build tools from keyboards and spell-checkers to machine translators, grammar checkers and text-to-speech as well as automatic speech recognition."
}

