% Use this file for citations not found in the ACL Anthology (contained in "anthology.bib").

@book{Aho:72,
    author  = {Alfred V. Aho and Jeffrey D. Ullman},
    title   = {The Theory of Parsing, Translation and Compiling},
    year    = "1972",
    volume  = "1",
    publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
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}

@book{APA:83,
    author  = {{American Psychological Association}},
    title   = {Publications Manual},
    year    = "1983",
    publisher = {American Psychological Association},
    address = {Washington, DC}
}

@article{Chandra:81,
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	year = "1981",
	title = {Alternation},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery},
	volume = "28",
	number = "1",
	pages = "114--133",
	doi = "10.1145/322234.322243",
}

@inproceedings{andrew2007scalable,
  title={Scalable training of {L1}-regularized log-linear models},
  author={Andrew, Galen and Gao, Jianfeng},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Machine Learning},
  pages={33--40},
  year={2007},
}

@book{Gusfield:97,
    author  = {Dan Gusfield},
    title   = {Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences},
    year    = "1997",
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    address = {Cambridge, UK}
}

@article{rasooli-tetrault-2015,
    author    = {Mohammad Sadegh Rasooli and Joel R. Tetreault},
    title     = {Yara Parser: {A} Fast and Accurate Dependency Parser},
    journal   = {Computing Research Repository},
    volume    = {arXiv:1503.06733},
    year      = {2015},
    url       = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.06733},
    note    = {version 2}
}

@article{Ando2005,
	Acmid = {1194905},
	Author = {Ando, Rie Kubota and Zhang, Tong},
	Issn = {1532-4435},
	Issue_Date = {12/1/2005},
	Journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
	Month = dec,
	Numpages = {37},
	Pages = {1817--1853},
	Publisher = {JMLR.org},
	Title = {A Framework for Learning Predictive Structures from Multiple Tasks and Unlabeled Data},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2005}
}

@inproceedings{wilby2023gate,
  title={{GATE T}eamware 2: An open-source tool for collaborative document classification annotation},
  author={Wilby, David and Karmakharm, Twin and Roberts, Ian and Song, Xingyi and Bontcheva, Kalina},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations},
  pages={145--151},
  year={2023}
}

@book{bird2009natural,
  title={Natural language processing with {P}ython: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit},
  author={Bird, Steven and Klein, Ewan and Loper, Edward},
  year={2009},
  publisher={" O'Reilly Media, Inc."}
}

@article{grootendorst2022bertopic,
  title={{BERT}opic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based {TF-IDF} procedure},
  author={Grootendorst, Maarten},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05794},
  year={2022}
}
@misc{fair,
    title="The FAIR Data principles",
year = 2020,
    author="{FORCE11}",
howpublished="\url{https://force11.org/info/the-fair-data-principles/}"
}
@article{kim2020intersectional,
  title={Intersectional bias in hate speech and abusive language datasets},
  author={Kim, Jae Yeon and Ortiz, Carlos and Nam, Sarah and Santiago, Sarah and Datta, Vivek},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.05921},
  year={2020}
}
@article{kwarteng2022misogynoir,
  title={Misogynoir: challenges in detecting intersectional hate},
  author={Kwarteng, Joseph and Perfumi, Serena Coppolino and Farrell, Tracie and Third, Aisling and Fernandez, Miriam},
  journal={Social Network Analysis and Mining},
  volume={12},
  number={1},
  pages={166},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Springer},
url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-00993-7}
}
@article{walther2022social,
  title={Social media and online hate},
  author={Walther, Joseph B},
  journal={Current Opinion in Psychology},
  volume={45},
  pages={101298},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X21002505}
}
@article{rosa2019automatic,
  title={Automatic cyberbullying detection: {A} systematic review},
  author={Rosa, Hugo and Pereira, N{\'a}dia and Ribeiro, Ricardo and Ferreira, Paula Costa and Carvalho, Joao Paulo and Oliveira, Sofia and Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa and Paulino, Paula and Sim{\~a}o, AM Veiga and Trancoso, Isabel},
  journal={Computers in Human Behavior},
  volume={93},
  pages={333--345},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.021}
}

@inproceedings{fuchs2021normalizing,
  title={Normalizing misogyny: hate speech and verbal abuse of female politicians on {J}apanese {T}witter},
  author={Fuchs, Tamara and Sch{\"a}fer, Fabian},
  booktitle={Japan forum},
  volume={33},
  number={4},
  pages={553--579},
  year={2021},
  organization={Taylor \& Francis},
url={https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2019.1687564}
}

@inproceedings{basile2019semeval,
  title={Semeval-2019 task 5: {M}ultilingual detection of hate speech against immigrants and women in {T}witter},
  author={Basile, Valerio and Bosco, Cristina and Fersini, Elisabetta and Nozza, Debora and Patti, Viviana and Pardo, Francisco Manuel Rangel and Rosso, Paolo and Sanguinetti, Manuela},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 13th international workshop on semantic evaluation},
  pages={54--63},
  year={2019},
url={https://aclanthology.org/S19-2007/}
}

@inproceedings{zampieri2019semeval,
  title={SemEval-2019 Task 6: Identifying and Categorizing Offensive Language in Social Media ({O}ffens{E}val)},
  author={Zampieri, Marcos and Malmasi, Shervin and Nakov, Preslav and Rosenthal, Sara and Farra, Noura and Kumar, Ritesh},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation},
  pages={75--86},
  year={2019},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.08983}
}

@inproceedings{rottger2021hatecheck,
  title={HateCheck: Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection Models},
  author={R{\"o}ttger, Paul and Vidgen, Bertie and Nguyen, Dong and Waseem, Zeerak and Margetts, Helen and Pierrehumbert, Janet},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  pages={41--58},
  year={2021}
}

@article{rawat2024hate,
  title={Hate speech detection in social media: Techniques, recent trends, and future challenges},
  author={Rawat, Anchal and Kumar, Santosh and Samant, Surender Singh},
  journal={Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics},
  volume={16},
  number={2},
  pages={e1648},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@inproceedings{caselli-etal-2021-hatebert,
    title = "{H}ate{BERT}: Retraining {BERT} for Abusive Language Detection in {E}nglish",
    author = "Caselli, Tommaso  and
      Basile, Valerio  and
      Mitrovi{\'c}, Jelena  and
      Granitzer, Michael",
    editor = "Mostafazadeh Davani, Aida  and
      Kiela, Douwe  and
      Lambert, Mathias  and
      Vidgen, Bertie  and
      Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar  and
      Waseem, Zeerak",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms ({WOAH} 2021)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2021",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.woah-1.3",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2021.woah-1.3",
    pages = "17--25",
}

@inproceedings{hartvigsen2022toxigen,
  title={ToxiGen: A Large-Scale Machine-Generated Dataset for Adversarial and Implicit Hate Speech Detection},
  author={Hartvigsen, Thomas and Gabriel, Saadia and Palangi, Hamid and Sap, Maarten and Ray, Dipankar and Kamar, Ece},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  pages={3309--3326},
  year={2022},
url={https://aclanthology.org/2022.acl-long.234/}
}

@inproceedings{qureshi2024inclusive,
  title={Inclusive Counterfactual Generation: Leveraging {LLM}s in Identifying Online Hate},
  author={Qureshi, M Atif and Younus, Arjumand and Caton, Simon},
  booktitle={International Conference on Web Engineering},
  pages={34--48},
  year={2024},
  organization={Springer}
}

@article{garg2023handling,
  title={Handling bias in toxic speech detection: A survey},
  author={Garg, Tanmay and Masud, Sarah and Suresh, Tharun and Chakraborty, Tanmoy},
  journal={ACM Computing Surveys},
  volume={55},
  number={13s},
  pages={1--32},
  year={2023},
  publisher={ACM New York, NY}
}

@inproceedings{ramponi2022features,
  title={Features or spurious artifacts? data-centric baselines for fair and robust hate speech detection},
  author={Ramponi, Alan and Tonelli, Sara},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
  pages={3027--3040},
  year={2022},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

@article{chhabra2023literature,
  title={A literature survey on multimodal and multilingual automatic hate speech identification},
  author={Chhabra, Anusha and Vishwakarma, Dinesh Kumar},
  journal={Multimedia Systems},
  volume={29},
  number={3},
  pages={1203--1230},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{kiela2020hateful,
  title={The hateful memes challenge: Detecting hate speech in multimodal memes},
  author={Kiela, Douwe and Firooz, Hamed and Mohan, Aravind and Goswami, Vedanuj and Singh, Amanpreet and Ringshia, Pratik and Testuggine, Davide},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={33},
  pages={2611--2624},
  year={2020}
}

@inproceedings{grimminger2021hate,
    title = "Hate Towards the Political Opponent: A {T}witter Corpus Study of the 2020 {US} Elections on the Basis of Offensive Speech and Stance Detection",
    author = "Grimminger, Lara  and
      Klinger, Roman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",
    month = apr,
    year = "2021",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.wassa-1.18",
    pages = "171--180",
}


@inproceedings{solovev2022hate,
  title={Hate speech in the political discourse on social media: Disparities across parties, gender, and ethnicity},
  author={Solovev, Kirill and Pr{\"o}llochs, Nicolas},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022},
  pages={3656--3661},
  year={2022},
url={https://doi.org/10.1145/3485447.3512261}
}

@article{guellil2020detecting,
  title={Detecting hate speech against politicians in {A}rabic community on social media},
  author={Guellil, Imane and Adeel, Ahsan and Azouaou, Faical and Chennoufi, Sara and Maafi, Hanene and Hamitouche, Thinhinane},
  journal={International Journal of Web Information Systems},
  volume={16},
  number={3},
  pages={295--313},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Emerald Publishing Limited},
url={https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-08-2019-0036}
}

@article{wang2022political,
  title={Political hate speech detection and lexicon building: A study in {T}aiwan},
  author={Wang, Chih-Chien and Day, Min-Yuh and Wu, Chun-Lian},
  journal={IEEE Access},
  volume={10},
  pages={44337--44346},
  year={2022},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@article{jafri2023uncovering,
  title={Uncovering Political Hate Speech During {I}ndian Election Campaign: A New Low-Resource Dataset and Baselines},
  author={Jafri, Farhan Ahmad and Siddiqui, Mohammad Aman and Thapa, Surendrabikram and Rauniyar, Kritesh and Naseem, Usman and Razzak, Imran},
  year={2023}
}

@article{carson2024online,
  title={From online trolls to ‘Slut Shaming’: Understanding the role of incivility and gender abuse in local government},
  author={Carson, Andrea and Mikolajczak, Gosia and Ruppanner, Leah and Foley, Emily},
  journal={Local Government Studies},
  volume={50},
  number={2},
  pages={427--450},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis},
url={https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2023.2228237}
}

@article{haakansson2024explaining,
  title={Explaining citizen hostility against women political leaders: A survey experiment in the {U}nited {S}tates and {S}weden},
  author={H{\aa}kansson, Sandra},
  journal={Politics \& Gender},
  volume={20},
  number={1},
  pages={1--28},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@inproceedings{hua2020characterizing,
  title={Characterizing {T}witter users who engage in adversarial interactions against political candidates},
  author={Hua, Yiqing and Naaman, Mor and Ristenpart, Thomas},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems},
  pages={1--13},
  year={2020},
url={https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376548}
}

@article{collignon2021increasing,
  title={Increasing the cost of female representation? The gendered effects of harassment, abuse and intimidation towards Parliamentary candidates in the {UK}},
  author={Collignon, Sofia and R{\"u}dig, Wolfgang},
  journal={Journal of elections, public opinion and parties},
  volume={31},
  number={4},
  pages={429--449},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis},
url={https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1968413}
}

@article{ward2020turds,
  title={Turds, traitors and tossers: the abuse of {UK MP}s via {T}witter},
  author={Ward, Stephen and McLoughlin, Liam},
  journal={The Journal of Legislative Studies},
  volume={26},
  number={1},
  pages={47--73},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis},
url={https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2020.1730502}
}

@article{gorrell2019race,
  title={Race and Religion in Online Abuse towards {UK P}oliticians: Working Paper},
  author={Gorrell, Genevieve and Bakir, Mehmet E and Greenwood, Mark A and Roberts, Ian and Bontcheva, Kalina},
  journal={arXiv preprint ArXiv:1910.00920 [Cs]},
  year={2019}
}

@article{esposito2022gender,
  title={Gender and politics in a digitalised world: Investigating online hostility against {UK} female {MP}s},
  author={Esposito, Eleonora and Breeze, Ruth},
  journal={Discourse \& Society},
  volume={33},
  number={3},
  pages={303--323},
  year={2022},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},
url={https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265221076608}
}

@article{bakir2024abuse,
  title={Abuse in the time of {COVID}-19: the effects of {B}rexit, gender and partisanship},
  author={Bakir, Mehmet Emin and Farrell, Tracie and Bontcheva, Kalina},
  journal={Online Information Review},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Emerald Publishing Limited},
url={https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-07-2022-0392}
}

@article{farrell2021mp,
  title={{MP} twitter engagement and abuse post-first {COVID}-19 lockdown in the {UK}: White paper},
  author={Farrell, Tracie and Bakir, Mehmet and Bontcheva, Kalina},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.02917},
  year={2021}
}

@article{gorrell2020politicians,
  title={Which politicians receive abuse? Four factors illuminated in the {UK} general election 2019},
  author={Gorrell, Genevieve and Bakir, Mehmet E and Roberts, Ian and Greenwood, Mark A and Bontcheva, Kalina},
  journal={EPJ Data Science},
  volume={9},
  number={1},
  pages={18},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
url={https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00236-9}
}

@inproceedings{gorrell2018twits,
  title={Twits, twats and twaddle: {T}rends in online abuse towards {UK} politicians},
  author={Gorrell, Genevieve and Greenwood, Mark and Roberts, Ian and Maynard, Diana and Bontcheva, Kalina},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume={12},
  number={1},
  year={2018},
url={https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.15070}
}

@article{esposito2021dare,
  title={“How dare you call her a pig, {I} know several pigs who would be upset if they knew” A multimodal critical discursive approach to online misogyny against {UK MP}s on YouTube},
  author={Esposito, Eleonora and Zollo, Sole Alba},
  journal={Journal of language aggression and conflict},
  volume={9},
  number={1},
  pages={47--75},
  year={2021},
  publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
url={https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00053.esp}
}

@article{southern2021twitter,
  title={Twitter, incivility and “everyday” gendered othering: An analysis of tweets sent to {UK} members of parliament},
  author={Southern, Rosalynd and Harmer, Emily},
  journal={Social science computer review},
  volume={39},
  number={2},
  pages={259--275},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA},
url={https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319865519}
}

@inproceedings{agarwal2021hate,
  title={Hate speech in political discourse: A case study of {UK MP}s on {T}witter},
  author={Agarwal, Pushkal and Hawkins, Oliver and Amaxopoulou, Margarita and Dempsey, Noel and Sastry, Nishanth and Wood, Edward},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 32nd ACM conference on hypertext and social media},
  pages={5--16},
  year={2021},
url={https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3465336.3475113}
}

@article{vidgen2020detecting,
  title={Detecting weak and strong {I}slamophobic hate speech on social media},
  author={Vidgen, Bertie and Yasseri, Taha},
  journal={Journal of Information Technology \& Politics},
  volume={17},
  number={1},
  pages={66--78},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis},
url={https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2019.1702607}
}

@article{kuperberg2021incongruous,
  title={Incongruous and illegitimate: {A}ntisemitic and {I}slamophobic semiotic violence against women in politics in the {U}nited {K}ingdom},
  author={Kuperberg, Rebecca},
  journal={Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict},
  volume={9},
  number={1},
  pages={100--126},
  year={2021},
  publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
url={https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00055.kup}
}

@article{kuperberg2018intersectional,
  title={Intersectional violence against women in politics},
  author={Kuperberg, Rebecca},
  journal={Politics \& Gender},
  volume={14},
  number={4},
  pages={685--690},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press},
url={https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18000612}
}

@article{akhtar2019prevalence,
  title={The prevalence and impact of online trolling of {UK} members of parliament},
  author={Akhtar, Shazia and Morrison, Catriona M},
  journal={Computers in Human Behavior},
  volume={99},
  pages={322--327},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{bauschke2023hate,
  title={Hate speech on social media against German mayors: Extent of the phenomenon, reactions, and implications},
  author={Bauschke, Rafael and J{\"a}ckle, Sebastian},
  journal={Policy \& Internet},
  volume={15},
  number={2},
  pages={223--242},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{boyd2022development,
  title={The development and psychometric properties of {LIWC}-22},
  author={Boyd, Ryan L and Ashokkumar, Ashwini and Seraj, Sarah and Pennebaker, James W},
  journal={Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin},
  pages={1--47},
  year={2022}
}

@inproceedings{mu2023vaxxhesitancy,
  title={Vaxxhesitancy: A dataset for studying hesitancy towards {COVID}-19 vaccination on {T}witter},
  author={Mu, Yida and Jin, Mali and Grimshaw, Charlie and Scarton, Carolina and Bontcheva, Kalina and Song, Xingyi},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume={17},
  pages={1052--1062},
  year={2023}
}

@article{macavaney2019hate,
  title={Hate speech detection: Challenges and solutions},
  author={MacAvaney, Sean and Yao, Hao-Ren and Yang, Eugene and Russell, Katina and Goharian, Nazli and Frieder, Ophir},
  journal={PloS one},
  volume={14},
  number={8},
  pages={e0221152},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221152}
}

@inproceedings{fortuna2020toxic,
  title={Toxic, hateful, offensive or abusive? {W}hat are we really classifying? {A}n empirical analysis of hate speech datasets},
  author={Fortuna, Paula and Soler, Juan and Wanner, Leo},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  pages={6786--6794},
  year={2020},
url={https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.838/}
}

@inproceedings{waseem2017understanding,
  title={Understanding Abuse: A Typology of Abusive Language Detection Subtasks},
  author={Waseem, Zeerak and Davidson, Thomas and Warmsley, Dana and Weber, Ingmar},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the First Workshop on Abusive Language Online},
  pages={78--84},
  year={2017},
url={https://aclanthology.org/W17-3012/}
}

@inproceedings{rottger2021two,
  title={Two Contrasting Data Annotation Paradigms for Subjective {NLP} Tasks},
  author={R{\"o}ttger, Paul and Vidgen, Bertie and Hovy, Dirk and Pierrehumbert, Janet},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
  pages={175--190},
  year={2022}
}
@inproceedings{antypas-camacho-collados-2023-robust,
    title = "Robust Hate Speech Detection in Social Media: A Cross-Dataset Empirical Evaluation",
    author = "Antypas, Dimosthenis  and
      Camacho-Collados, Jose",
    editor = "Chung, Yi-ling  and
      R{\{}{\textbackslash}{''}ottger{\}}, Paul  and
      Nozza, Debora  and
      Talat, Zeerak  and
      Mostafazadeh Davani, Aida",
    booktitle = "The 7th Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2023",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.woah-1.25/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2023.woah-1.25",
    pages = "231--242",
    abstract = "The automatic detection of hate speech online is an active research area in NLP. Most of the studies to date are based on social media datasets that contribute to the creation of hate speech detection models trained on them. However, data creation processes contain their own biases, and models inherently learn from these dataset-specific biases. In this paper, we perform a large-scale cross-dataset comparison where we fine-tune language models on different hate speech detection datasets. This analysis shows how some datasets are more generalizable than others when used as training data. Crucially, our experiments show how combining hate speech detection datasets can contribute to the development of robust hate speech detection models. This robustness holds even when controlling by data size and compared with the best individual datasets."
}
@inproceedings{agarwal2019tweeting,
  title={Tweeting {MP}s: Digital engagement between citizens and members of parliament in the {UK}},
  author={Agarwal, Pushkal and Sastry, Nishanth and Wood, Edward},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume={13},
  pages={26--37},
  year={2019},
url={https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3359}
}

@techreport{vidgen2019much,
  title={How much online abuse is there? A systematic review of evidence for the {UK} Policy Briefing-Full Report Public Policy Programme Hate Speech: Measures and Counter Measures},
  author={Vidgen, Bertie and Margetts, Helen and Harris, Alex},
  year={2019},
  institution={Technical report, The Alan Turing Insitute}
}

@article{jahan2023systematic,
  title={A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processing.},
  author={Jahan, Md Saroar and Oussalah, Mourad},
  journal={Neurocomputing},
  pages={126232},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Elsevier},
url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126232}
}

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title={Llama 3 Model Card},

author={AI@Meta},

year={2024},

url = {https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md}

}