QUESTION = babies crying pre-sedentary/having shelters if it would technically be a death sentence attracting predators in nature GENERATION = In modern times, things are at least *somewhat* safer. For example, it is a lot safer to have parents adopt a child than to be without parents. On the other hand, animals can sometimes start by taking on a human infant. Depending on the situation, adopting a human infant can be costly. It costs a lot of money to raise a kid, for a long time, if not permanently, and there are usually no legal protections. So it is worth it to adopt a baby from the start, so that you have the chance to raise it in an environment where the predators that would otherwise likely eat it aren't around. However, one thing you should know is that a lot of people believe that the larger the mammal, the more potential resources a mother has to take care of it. That's not necessarily true, and sometimes a birth that might have been successful in the wild ends up with an infant that has a low chance of surviving. They do not want to waste resources raising a mother that couldn't sustain itself. It's worth noting, however, that many mammals can be raised without parents. RETRIEVAL #0 = Child abandonment---practices, both Scandavian and Roman, that the newborn would not be raised without the father's decision to do so. Section::::In literature.:Upbringing. The strangers who take up the child are often shepherds or other herdsmen. This befell not only Oedipus, but also Cyrus II of Persia, Amphion and Zethus and several of the characters listed above. Romulus and Remus were suckled by a wolf in the wilderness, but afterward, again found by a shepherd. This ties this motif in with the genre of the pastoral. This can imply or outright state that the child benefits by this pure upbringing by unspoiled people, as opposed to the corruption that surrounded his birth family. Often, the child is aided by animals before being found; Artemis sent a bear to nurse the abandoned Atalanta, and Paris was also nursed by a bear before being found. In some cases, the child is depicted as being raised by animals; however, in actuality, feral children have proven to be incapable of speech. Section::::In literature.:In adulthood. The pattern of a child remaining with its adoptive parents is less common than the reverse, but it occurs. In the Indian epic "Mahabharata," Karna is never reconciled with his mother, and dies in battle with her legitimate son. In the Grimm fairy tale "Foundling-Bird," Foundling Bird never learns of, least of all RETRIEVAL #1 = Begging in animals---which testosterone and corticosterone affect growth in birds. Section::::Modulators.:Genetic. Sibling relatedness in a brood also influences the level of begging. In a study on passerine birds, it was found that chicks begged more loudly in species with higher levels of extra-pair paternity. Section::::Modulators.:Sibling negotiation. Although begging is assumed to be directed at parents, barn owl ("Tyto alba"), nestlings vocalize in the presence but also in the absence of the parents. The "sibling negotiation hypothesis" proposes that offspring use each other's begging vocalization as a source of information about their relative willingness to contest the next prey item delivered. This predicts that the more hungry nestling will contest the next item delivered while the less hungry one will retreat to avoid injuries and/or save energy. Nestling barn owls refrain from vocalization when a rival is more hungry, but escalate once the rival has been fed by a parent, and refrain from and escalate vocalization in enlarged and reduced broods. Thus, when parents are not at the nest, a nestling vocally refrains when the value of the next delivered prey item will be higher for its nest-mates. Section::::Animals begging from humans. Section::::Animals begging from humans.:Captive animals. Captive wild animals held RETRIEVAL #2 = Infanticide---of modern scholarship significantly differs. John Boswell believed that in ancient Germanic tribes unwanted children were exposed, usually in the forest. "It was the custom of the [Teutonic] pagans, that if they wanted to kill a son or daughter, they would be killed before they had been given any food." Usually children born out of wedlock were disposed that way. In his highly influential "Pre-historic Times", John Lubbock described burnt bones indicating the practice of child sacrifice in pagan Britain. The last canto, "Marjatan poika" (Son of Marjatta), of Finnish national epic Kalevala describes an assumed infanticide. Väinämöinen orders the infant bastard son of Marjatta to be drowned in marsh. The Íslendingabók, a main source for the early history of Iceland, recounts that on the Conversion of Iceland to Christianity in 1000 it was provided – in order to make the transition more palatable to Pagans – that "the old laws allowing exposure of newborn children will remain in force". However, this provision – like other concessions made at the time to the Pagans – was abolished some years later. Section::::History.:Christianity. Some notable Christians have explicitly rejected infanticide. The "Teachings of the Apostles" or "Didache" said "thou shalt not kill a child by abortion, neither shalt thou slay it when born". The "Epistle of Barnabas" stated an identical command RETRIEVAL #3 = Safe-haven law---Safe-haven law Safe-haven laws (also known in some states as "Baby Moses laws", in reference to the religious scripture) are statutes in the United States that decriminalize the leaving of unharmed infants with statutorily designated private persons so that the child becomes a ward of the state. "Safe-haven" laws typically let parents remain nameless to the court, often using a numbered bracelet system as the only means of linking the baby to the parent. Some states treat safe-haven surrenders as child dependency or abandonment, with a complaint being filed for such in juvenile court. The parent either defaults or answers the complaint. Others treat safe-haven surrenders as adoption surrenders, hence a waiver of parental rights (see parental responsibility). Police stations, hospitals, and fire stations are all typical locations to which the safe-haven law applies. Texas was the first state to enact a "Baby Moses Law" in 1999, although the Safe Place originates in Mobile, Alabama after a string of infanticides. The Texan legislation was sponsored by a newcomer Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives, Geanie Morrison of Victoria, who is still serving in the chamber. Section::::Controversy. Supporters of safe-haven laws argue that the laws save lives by encouraging parents to surrender infants safely, providing an alternative to abortion, infanticide, or child abandonment. Detractors argue that, because safe RETRIEVAL #4 = Binti Jua---actions may have involved an instinctive sense that the child needed his help. Similar behavior has been seen in chimps who appear to comfort each other after an attack or other trauma. Section::::See also. BULLET::::- Killing of Harambe Section::::External links. BULLET::::- Are we in anthropodenial? RETRIEVAL #5 = Attachment therapy---or unconscious rage is theorized to prevent the child from forming bonds with caregivers and leads to behavior problems when the rage erupts into unchecked aggression. Such children are said to fail to develop a conscience, to not trust others, to seek control rather than closeness, to resist the authority of caregivers, and to engage in endless power struggles. They are seen as highly manipulative and as trying to avoid true attachments while simultaneously striving to control those around them through manipulation and superficial sociability. Such children are said to be at risk of becoming psychopaths who will go on to engage in very serious delinquent, criminal, and antisocial behaviors if left untreated. The tone in which the attributes of these children are described has been characterized as "demonizing". Advocates of this treatment also believe that emotional attachment of a child to a caregiver begins during the prenatal period, during which the unborn child is aware of the mother's thoughts and emotions. If the mother is distressed by the pregnancy, especially if she considers abortion, the child responds with distress and anger that continue through postnatal life. If the child is separated from the mother after birth, no matter how early this occurs, the child again feels distress and rage that will block attachment to a foster or adoptive caregiver. If the child has had a peaceful gestation, but after RETRIEVAL #6 = Infanticide (zoology)---mother's, sister's, and daughter's offspring. Infanticidal raids from neighboring groups also occurred. Section::::Other. Bottlenose dolphins have been reported to kill their young through impact injuries. Dominant male langurs tend to kill the existing young upon taking control of a harem. There has been sightings of infanticide in the leopard population. The males of the Stegodyphus lineatus species of spider have been known to exhibit infanticide as a way to encourage females to mate again. In mammals, male infanticide is most often observed in non-seasonal breeders. There is less fitness advantage for a conspecific to carry out infanticide if the interbirth period of the mother will not be decreased and the female will not return to estrous. In Felidae, birthing periods can happen anytime during the year, as long as there is not an unweaned offspring of that female. This is a contributor to the frequency of infanticide in carnivorous felids. Some species of seasonal breeders have been observed to commit infanticide. Cases in the snub-nosed monkey, a seasonal breeding primate, have shown that infanticide does lessen the interbirth period of the females and can allow them to breed with the next breeding group. Other cases of seasonal breeding species where the infanticidal characteristic is observed has been explained as a way of preserving the mother's resources and