Nitin Ramrakhiyani


2024

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Why Generate When You Can Discriminate? A Novel Technique for Text Classification using Language Models
Sachin Pawar | Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Anubhav Sinha | Manoj Apte | Girish Palshikar
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL 2024

In this paper, we propose a novel two-step technique for text classification using autoregressive Language Models (LM). In the first step, a set of perplexity and log-likelihood based numeric features are elicited from an LM for a text instance to be classified. Then, in the second step, a classifier based on these features is trained to predict the final label. The classifier used is usually a simple machine learning classifier like Support Vector Machine (SVM) or Logistic Regression (LR) and it is trained using a small set of training examples. We believe, our technique presents a whole new way of exploiting the available training instances, in addition to the existing ways like fine-tuning LMs or in-context learning. Our approach stands out by eliminating the need for parameter updates in LMs, as required in fine-tuning, and does not impose limitations on the number of training examples faced while building prompts for in-context learning. We evaluate our technique across 5 different datasets and compare with multiple competent baselines.

2023

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Zero-shot Probing of Pretrained Language Models for Geography Knowledge
Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Vasudeva Varma | Girish Palshikar | Sachin Pawar
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Evaluation and Comparison of NLP Systems

Gauging the knowledge of Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) about facts in niche domains is an important step towards making them better in those domains. In this paper, we aim at evaluating multiple PLMs for their knowledge about world Geography. We contribute (i) a sufficiently sized dataset of masked Geography sentences to probe PLMs on masked token prediction and generation tasks, (ii) benchmark the performance of multiple PLMs on the dataset. We also provide a detailed analysis of the performance of the PLMs on different Geography facts.

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Audit Report Coverage Assessment using Sentence Classification
Sushodhan Vaishampayan | Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Sachin Pawar | Aditi Pawde | Manoj Apte | Girish Palshikar
Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing

Audit reports are a window to the financial health of a company and hence gauging coverage of various audit aspects in them is important. In this paper, we aim at determining an audit report’s coverage through classification of its sentences into multiple domain specific classes. In a weakly supervised setting, we employ a rule-based approach to automatically create training data for a BERT-based multi-label classifier. We then devise an ensemble to combine both the rule based and classifier approaches. Further, we employ two novel ways to improve the ensemble’s generalization: (i) through an active learning based approach and, (ii) through a LLM based review. We demonstrate that our proposed approaches outperform several baselines. We show utility of the proposed approaches to measure audit coverage on a large dataset of 2.8K audit reports.

2021

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Extracting Events from Industrial Incident Reports
Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Swapnil Hingmire | Sangameshwar Patil | Alok Kumar | Girish Palshikar
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Challenges and Applications of Automated Extraction of Socio-political Events from Text (CASE 2021)

Incidents in industries have huge social and political impact and minimizing the consequent damage has been a high priority. However, automated analysis of repositories of incident reports has remained a challenge. In this paper, we focus on automatically extracting events from incident reports. Due to absence of event annotated datasets for industrial incidents we employ a transfer learning based approach which is shown to outperform several baselines. We further provide detailed analysis regarding effect of increase in pre-training data and provide explainability of why pre-training improves the performance.

2020

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Extracting Message Sequence Charts from Hindi Narrative Text
Swapnil Hingmire | Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Avinash Kumar Singh | Sangameshwar Patil | Girish Palshikar | Pushpak Bhattacharyya | Vasudeva Varma
Proceedings of the First Joint Workshop on Narrative Understanding, Storylines, and Events

In this paper, we propose the use of Message Sequence Charts (MSC) as a representation for visualizing narrative text in Hindi. An MSC is a formal representation allowing the depiction of actors and interactions among these actors in a scenario, apart from supporting a rich framework for formal inference. We propose an approach to extract MSC actors and interactions from a Hindi narrative. As a part of the approach, we enrich an existing event annotation scheme where we provide guidelines for annotation of the mood of events (realis vs irrealis) and guidelines for annotation of event arguments. We report performance on multiple evaluation criteria by experimenting with Hindi narratives from Indian History. Though Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, from the NLP perspective it has comparatively lesser resources than English. Moreover, there is relatively less work in the context of event processing in Hindi. Hence, we believe that this work is among the initial works for Hindi event processing.

2019

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Extraction of Message Sequence Charts from Software Use-Case Descriptions
Girish Palshikar | Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Sangameshwar Patil | Sachin Pawar | Swapnil Hingmire | Vasudeva Varma | Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Industry Papers)

Software Requirement Specification documents provide natural language descriptions of the core functional requirements as a set of use-cases. Essentially, each use-case contains a set of actors and sequences of steps describing the interactions among them. Goals of use-case reviews and analyses include their correctness, completeness, detection of ambiguities, prototyping, verification, test case generation and traceability. Message Sequence Chart (MSC) have been proposed as a expressive, rigorous yet intuitive visual representation of use-cases. In this paper, we describe a linguistic knowledge-based approach to extract MSCs from use-cases. Compared to existing techniques, we extract richer constructs of the MSC notation such as timers, conditions and alt-boxes. We apply this tool to extract MSCs from several real-life software use-case descriptions and show that it performs better than the existing techniques. We also discuss the benefits and limitations of the extracted MSCs to meet the above goals.

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Extraction of Message Sequence Charts from Narrative History Text
Girish Palshikar | Sachin Pawar | Sangameshwar Patil | Swapnil Hingmire | Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Harsimran Bedi | Pushpak Bhattacharyya | Vasudeva Varma
Proceedings of the First Workshop on Narrative Understanding

In this paper, we advocate the use of Message Sequence Chart (MSC) as a knowledge representation to capture and visualize multi-actor interactions and their temporal ordering. We propose algorithms to automatically extract an MSC from a history narrative. For a given narrative, we first identify verbs which indicate interactions and then use dependency parsing and Semantic Role Labelling based approaches to identify senders (initiating actors) and receivers (other actors involved) for these interaction verbs. As a final step in MSC extraction, we employ a state-of-the art algorithm to temporally re-order these interactions. Our evaluation on multiple publicly available narratives shows improvements over four baselines.

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Towards Disambiguating Contracts for their Successful Execution - A Case from Finance Domain
Preethu Rose Anish | Abhishek Sainani | Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Sachin Pawar | Girish K Palshikar | Smita Ghaisas
Proceedings of the First Workshop on Financial Technology and Natural Language Processing

2018

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Resolving Actor Coreferences in Hindi Narrative Text
Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Swapnil Hingmire | Sachin Pawar | Sangameshwar Patil | Girish K. Palshikar | Pushpak Bhattacharyya | Vasudeva Verma
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Natural Language Processing

2017

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Measuring Topic Coherence through Optimal Word Buckets
Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Sachin Pawar | Swapnil Hingmire | Girish Palshikar
Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers

Measuring topic quality is essential for scoring the learned topics and their subsequent use in Information Retrieval and Text classification. To measure quality of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) based topics learned from text, we propose a novel approach based on grouping of topic words into buckets (TBuckets). A single large bucket signifies a single coherent theme, in turn indicating high topic coherence. TBuckets uses word embeddings of topic words and employs singular value decomposition (SVD) and Integer Linear Programming based optimization to create coherent word buckets. TBuckets outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques when evaluated using 3 publicly available datasets and on another one proposed in this paper.

2015

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Noun Phrase Chunking for Marathi using Distant Supervision
Sachin Pawar | Nitin Ramrakhiyani | Girish K. Palshikar | Pushpak Bhattacharyya | Swapnil Hingmire
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Processing