@techreport{heilmanquestion,
  title={Question Generation via Overgenerating Transformations and Ranking},
  author={Heilman, Michael and Smith, Noah A},
  year={2009},
  institution={Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University},
  number={CMU-LTI-09-013}
}
@inproceedings{du2017learning,
  title={Learning to Ask: Neural Question Generation for Reading Comprehension},
  author={Du, Xinya and Shao, Junru and Cardie, Claire},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  pages={1342--1352},
  year={2017}
}
@article{rajpurkar2016squad,
  title={Squad: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text},
  author={Rajpurkar, Pranav and Zhang, Jian and Lopyrev, Konstantin and Liang, Percy},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.05250},
  year={2016}
}
@article{nguyen2016ms,
  title={{MS MARCO}: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset},
  author={Nguyen, Tri and Rosenberg, Mir and Song, Xia and Gao, Jianfeng and Tiwary, Saurabh and Majumder, Rangan and Deng, Li},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.09268},
  year={2016}
}

@article{wang2017joint,
  title={A joint model for question answering and question generation},
  author={Wang, Tong and Yuan, Xingdi and Trischler, Adam},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.01450},
  year={2017}
}

@article{Hosking_2019,
   title={Evaluating Rewards for Question Generation Models},
   url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n19-1237},
   DOI={10.18653/v1/n19-1237},
   journal={Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
   publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics},
   author={Hosking, Tom and Riedel, Sebastian},
   year={2019}
}

@article{chen2019natural,
  title={Natural Question Generation with Reinforcement Learning Based Graph-to-Sequence Model},
  author={Chen, Yu and Wu, Lingfei and Zaki, Mohammed J},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.08832},
  year={2019}
}


@inproceedings{zhang2019addressing,
    title = "Addressing Semantic Drift in Question Generation for Semi-Supervised Question Answering",
    author = "Zhang, Shiyue  and
      Bansal, Mohit",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1253",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D19-1253",
    pages = "2495--2509",
}
@article{liu2019learning,
  title={Learning to Generate Questions by Learning What not to Generate},
  author={Liu, Bang and Zhao, Mingjun and Niu, Di and Lai, Kunfeng and He, Yancheng and Wei, Haojie and Xu, Yu},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.10418},
  year={2019}
}
@inproceedings{kim2019improving,
  title={Improving neural question generation using answer separation},
  author={Kim, Yanghoon and Lee, Hwanhee and Shin, Joongbo and Jung, Kyomin},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  volume={33},
  pages={6602--6609},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{yuan-etal-2017-machine,
    title = "Machine Comprehension by Text-to-Text Neural Question Generation",
    author = "Yuan, Xingdi  and
      Wang, Tong  and
      Gulcehre, Caglar  and
      Sordoni, Alessandro  and
      Bachman, Philip  and
      Zhang, Saizheng  and
      Subramanian, Sandeep  and
      Trischler, Adam",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Representation Learning for {NLP}",
    month = aug,
    year = "2017",
    address = "Vancouver, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2603",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W17-2603",
    pages = "15--25",
    abstract = "We propose a recurrent neural model that generates natural-language questions from documents, conditioned on answers. We show how to train the model using a combination of supervised and reinforcement learning. After teacher forcing for standard maximum likelihood training, we fine-tune the model using policy gradient techniques to maximize several rewards that measure question quality. Most notably, one of these rewards is the performance of a question-answering system. We motivate question generation as a means to improve the performance of question answering systems. Our model is trained and evaluated on the recent question-answering dataset SQuAD.",
}

@article{tang2017question,
  title={Question answering and question generation as dual tasks},
  author={Tang, Duyu and Duan, Nan and Qin, Tao and Yan, Zhao and Zhou, Ming},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.02027},
  year={2017}
}
@inproceedings{mostow2009generating,
  title={Generating Instruction Automatically for the Reading Strategy of Self-Questioning.},
  author={Mostow, Jack and Chen, Wei},
  booktitle={AIED},
  pages={465--472},
  year={2009}
}
@inproceedings{mazidi2014linguistic,
  title={Linguistic considerations in automatic question generation},
  author={Mazidi, Karen and Nielsen, Rodney D},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)},
  volume={2},
  pages={321--326},
  year={2014}
}

@inproceedings{labutov2015deep,
  title={Deep questions without deep understanding},
  author={Labutov, Igor and Basu, Sumit and Vanderwende, Lucy},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  volume={1},
  pages={889--898},
  year={2015}
}

@inproceedings{lindberg2013generating,
  title={Generating natural language questions to support learning on-line},
  author={Lindberg, David and Popowich, Fred and Nesbit, John and Winne, Phil},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 14th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation},
  pages={105--114},
  year={2013}
}
@article{gardner2018allennlp,
  title={Allen{NLP}: A deep semantic natural language processing platform},
  author={Gardner, Matt and Grus, Joel and Neumann, Mark and Tafjord, Oyvind and Dasigi, Pradeep and Liu, Nelson and Peters, Matthew and Schmitz, Michael and Zettlemoyer, Luke},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.07640},
  year={2018}
}
@inproceedings{levy2006tregex,
  title={Tregex and Tsurgeon: tools for querying and manipulating tree data structures.},
  author={Levy, Roger and Andrew, Galen},
  booktitle={LREC},
  pages={2231--2234},
  year={2006},
  organization={Citeseer}
}

@inproceedings{nivre2016universal,
  title={Universal dependencies v1: A multilingual treebank collection},
  author={Nivre, Joakim and De Marneffe, Marie-Catherine and Ginter, Filip and Goldberg, Yoav and Hajic, Jan and Manning, Christopher D and McDonald, Ryan and Petrov, Slav and Pyysalo, Sampo and Silveira, Natalia and others},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016)},
  pages={1659--1666},
  year={2016}
}

@article{penn2012panini,
  title={On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualized Replacement Systems},
  author={Penn, Gerald and Kiparsky, Paul},
  journal={Proceedings of COLING 2012: Posters},
  pages={943--950},
  year={2012}
}

@inproceedings{hwa2002evaluating,
  title={Evaluating translational correspondence using annotation projection},
  author={Hwa, Rebecca and Resnik, Philip and Weinberg, Amy and Kolak, Okan},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages={392--399},
  year={2002},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}
@inproceedings{xi2005backoff,
  title={A backoff model for bootstrapping resources for non-english languages},
  author={Xi, Chenhai and Hwa, Rebecca},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  pages={851--858},
  year={2005},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

@inproceedings{van2011scaling,
  title={Scaling up automatic cross-lingual semantic role annotation},
  author={Van der Plas, Lonneke and Merlo, Paola and Henderson, James},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: short papers-Volume 2},
  pages={299--304},
  year={2011},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

@inproceedings{akbik2015generating,
  title={Generating high quality proposition banks for multilingual semantic role labeling},
  author={Akbik, Alan and Danilevsky, Marina and Li, Yunyao and Vaithyanathan, Shivakumar and Zhu, Huaiyu and others},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  volume={1},
  pages={397--407},
  year={2015}
}
@article{pado2009cross,
  title={Cross-lingual annotation projection for semantic roles},
  author={Pad{\'o}, Sebastian and Lapata, Mirella},
  journal={Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research},
  volume={36},
  pages={307--340},
  year={2009}
}
@article{Chandra:81,
	author = {Ashok K. Chandra and Dexter C. Kozen and Larry J. Stockmeyer},
	year = "1981",
	title = {Alternation},
	journal = {Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery},
	volume = "28",
	number = "1",
	pages = "114--133",
	doi = "10.1145/322234.322243",
}

@inproceedings{andrew2007scalable,
  title={Scalable training of {L1}-regularized log-linear models},
  author={Andrew, Galen and Gao, Jianfeng},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Machine Learning},
  pages={33--40},
  year={2007},
}

@inproceedings{heilman2010good,
  title={Good question! {S}tatistical ranking for question generation},
  author={Heilman, Michael and Smith, Noah A},
  booktitle={Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages={609--617},
  year={2010},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}
@inproceedings{brown2019verbnet,
  title={{VerbNet} Representations: Subevent Semantics for Transfer Verbs},
  author={Brown, Susan Windisch and Bonn, Julia and Gung, James and Zaenen, Annie and Pustejovsky, James and Palmer, Martha},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations},
  pages={154--163},
  year={2019}
}

@phdthesis{schuler2005verbnet,
  title={VerbNet: A broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon},
  author={Schuler, Karin Kipper},
  year={2005},
  school={University of Pennsylvania}
}

@inproceedings{karttunen2012simple,
  title={Simple and phrasal implicatives},
  author={Karttunen, Lauri},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics-Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation},
  pages={124--131},
  year={2012},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

@inproceedings{palmer2009semlink,
  title={Semlink: Linking propbank, verbnet and framenet},
  author={Palmer, Martha},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the generative lexicon conference},
  pages={9--15},
  year={2009},
  organization={GenLex-09, Pisa, Italy}
}

@inproceedings{flor2018semantic,
  title={A semantic role-based approach to open-domain automatic question generation},
  author={Flor, Michael and Riordan, Brian},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications},
  pages={254--263},
  year={2018}
}

@inproceedings{xie2018noising,
  title={Noising and denoising natural language: Diverse backtranslation for grammar correction},
  author={Xie, Ziang and Genthial, Guillaume and Xie, Stanley and Ng, Andrew Y and Jurafsky, Dan},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)},
  pages={619--628},
  year={2018}
}
@article{ott2019fairseq,
  title={fairseq: A fast, extensible toolkit for sequence modeling},
  author={Ott, Myle and Edunov, Sergey and Baevski, Alexei and Fan, Angela and Gross, Sam and Ng, Nathan and Grangier, David and Auli, Michael},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.01038},
  year={2019}
}

@inproceedings{zhou2018sequential,
  title={Sequential copying networks},
  author={Zhou, Qingyu and Yang, Nan and Wei, Furu and Zhou, Ming},
  booktitle={Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  year={2018}
}
@inproceedings{zhou2017neural,
  title={Neural question generation from text: A preliminary study},
  author={Zhou, Qingyu and Yang, Nan and Wei, Furu and Tan, Chuanqi and Bao, Hangbo and Zhou, Ming},
  booktitle={National CCF Conference on Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing},
  pages={662--671},
  year={2017},
  organization={Springer}
}
@article{song2017unified,
  title={A unified query-based generative model for question generation and question answering},
  author={Song, Linfeng and Wang, Zhiguo and Hamza, Wael},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.01058},
  year={2017}
}
@inproceedings{sun2018answer,
  title={Answer-focused and position-aware neural question generation},
  author={Sun, Xingwu and Liu, Jing and Lyu, Yajuan and He, Wei and Ma, Yanjun and Wang, Shi},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  pages={3930--3939},
  year={2018}
}
@inproceedings{zhao2018paragraph,
  title={Paragraph-level neural question generation with maxout pointer and gated self-attention networks},
  author={Zhao, Yao and Ni, Xiaochuan and Ding, Yuanyuan and Ke, Qifa},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  pages={3901--3910},
  year={2018}
}

@article{tuan2019capturing,
  title={Capturing Greater Context for Question Generation},
  author={Tuan, Luu Anh and Shah, Darsh J and Barzilay, Regina},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.10274},
  year={2019}
}
@article{nema2019let,
  title={Let's Ask Again: Refine Network for Automatic Question Generation},
  author={Nema, Preksha and Mohankumar, Akash Kumar and Khapra, Mitesh M and Srinivasan, Balaji Vasan and Ravindran, Balaraman},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.05355},
  year={2019}
}

@article{dong2019unified,
  title={Unified Language Model Pre-training for Natural Language Understanding and Generation},
  author={Dong, Li and Yang, Nan and Wang, Wenhui and Wei, Furu and Liu, Xiaodong and Wang, Yu and Gao, Jianfeng and Zhou, Ming and Hon, Hsiao-Wuen},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.03197},
  year={2019}
}
@inproceedings{mazidi2016infusing,
  title={Infusing {NLU} into automatic question generation},
  author={Mazidi, Karen and Tarau, Paul},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference},
  pages={51--60},
  year={2016}
}
@misc{pywsd14,
author =   {Liling Tan},
title =    {Pywsd: Python Implementations of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) Technologies [software]},
howpublished = {https://github.com/alvations/pywsd},
year = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{lin2012syntactic,
  title={Syntactic annotations for the {G}oogle books ngram corpus},
  author={Lin, Yuri and Michel, Jean-Baptiste and Aiden, Erez Lieberman and Orwant, Jon and Brockman, Will and Petrov, Slav},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the ACL 2012 system demonstrations},
  pages={169--174},
  year={2012},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}
@article{li2019improving,
  title={Improving Question Generation With to the Point Context},
  author={Li, Jingjing and Gao, Yifan and Bing, Lidong and King, Irwin and Lyu, Michael R},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06036},
  year={2019}
}
@inproceedings{de-marneffe-etal-2014-universal,
    title = "Universal {S}tanford dependencies: A cross-linguistic typology",
    author = "de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine  and
      Dozat, Timothy  and
      Silveira, Natalia  and
      Haverinen, Katri  and
      Ginter, Filip  and
      Nivre, Joakim  and
      Manning, Christopher D.",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}'14)",
    month = may,
    year = "2014",
    address = "Reykjavik, Iceland",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/1062_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4585--4592",
}
@book{miller1998wordnet,
  title={WordNet: An electronic lexical database},
  author={Miller, George A},
  year={1998},
  publisher={MIT press}
}
@inproceedings{papineni2002bleu,
  title={BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation},
  author={Papineni, Kishore and Roukos, Salim and Ward, Todd and Zhu, Wei-Jing},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting on association for computational linguistics},
  pages={311--318},
  year={2002},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}
@article{rus2012detailed,
  title={A detailed account of the first question generation shared task evaluation challenge},
  author={Rus, Vasile and Wyse, Brendan and Piwek, Paul and Lintean, Mihai and Stoyanchev, Svetlana and Moldovan, Cristian},
  journal={Dialogue \& Discourse},
  volume={3},
  number={2},
  pages={177--204},
  year={2012}
}
@inproceedings{yao2010question,
  title={Question generation with minimal recursion semantics},
  author={Yao, Xuchen and Zhang, Yi},
  booktitle={Proceedings of QG2010: The Third Workshop on Question Generation},
  pages={68--75},
  year={2010},
  organization={Citeseer}
}
@inproceedings{liu2020asking,
  title={Asking Questions the Human Way: Scalable Question-Answer Generation from Text Corpus},
  author={Liu, Bang and Wei, Haojie and Niu, Di and Chen, Haolan and He, Yancheng},
  booktitle={Proceedings of The Web Conference 2020},
  pages={2032--2043},
  year={2020}
}
@article{bao2020unilmv2,
  title={Unilmv2: Pseudo-masked language models for unified language model pre-training},
  author={Bao, Hangbo and Dong, Li and Wei, Furu and Wang, Wenhui and Yang, Nan and Liu, Xiaodong and Wang, Yu and Piao, Songhao and Gao, Jianfeng and Zhou, Ming and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.12804},
  year={2020}
}
@article{yan2020prophetnet,
  title={ProphetNet: Predicting Future N-gram for Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training},
  author={Yan, Yu and Qi, Weizhen and Gong, Yeyun and Liu, Dayiheng and Duan, Nan and Chen, Jiusheng and Zhang, Ruofei and Zhou, Ming},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.04063},
  year={2020}
}
@article{xiao2020ernie,
  title={ERNIE-GEN: An Enhanced Multi-Flow Pre-training and Fine-tuning Framework for Natural Language Generation},
  author={Xiao, Dongling and Zhang, Han and Li, Yukun and Sun, Yu and Tian, Hao and Wu, Hua and Wang, Haifeng},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.11314},
  year={2020}
}
@article{wang2020minilm,
  title={MiniLM: Deep self-attention distillation for task-agnostic compression of pre-trained transformers},
  author={Wang, Wenhui and Wei, Furu and Dong, Li and Bao, Hangbo and Yang, Nan and Zhou, Ming},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.10957},
  year={2020}
}
@article{kurdi2020systematic,
  title={A systematic review of automatic question generation for educational purposes},
  author={Kurdi, Ghader and Leo, Jared and Parsia, Bijan and Sattler, Uli and Al-Emari, Salam},
  journal={International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education},
  volume={30},
  number={1},
  pages={121--204},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Springer}
}