@article{hill-etal-2016-learning-understand,
    title = "Learning to Understand Phrases by Embedding the Dictionary",
    author = "Hill, Felix  and
      Cho, Kyunghyun  and
      Korhonen, Anna  and
      Bengio, Yoshua",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2016",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "MIT Press",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/Q16-1002",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00080",
    pages = "17--30",
    abstract = "Distributional models that learn rich semantic word representations are a success story of recent NLP research. However, developing models that learn useful representations of phrases and sentences has proved far harder. We propose using the definitions found in everyday dictionaries as a means of bridging this gap between lexical and phrasal semantics. Neural language embedding models can be effectively trained to map dictionary definitions (phrases) to (lexical) representations of the words defined by those definitions. We present two applications of these architectures: reverse dictionaries that return the name of a concept given a definition or description and general-knowledge crossword question answerers. On both tasks, neural language embedding models trained on definitions from a handful of freely-available lexical resources perform as well or better than existing commercial systems that rely on significant task-specific engineering. The results highlight the effectiveness of both neural embedding architectures and definition-based training for developing models that understand phrases and sentences.",
}