Evaluating and Modeling Attribution for Cross-Lingual Question Answering
Benjamin Muller, John Wieting, Jonathan Clark, Tom Kwiatkowski, Sebastian Ruder, Livio Soares, Roee Aharoni, Jonathan Herzig, Xinyi Wang
Abstract
Trustworthy answer content is abundant in many high-resource languages and is instantly accessible through question answering systems — yet this content can be hard to access for those that do not speak these languages. The leap forward in cross-lingual modeling quality offered by generative language models offers much promise, yet their raw generations often fall short in factuality. To improve trustworthiness in these systems, a promising direction is to attribute the answer to a retrieved source, possibly in a content-rich language different from the query. Our work is the first to study attribution for cross-lingual question answering. First, we collect data in 5 languages to assess the attribution level of a state-of-the-art cross-lingual QA system. To our surprise, we find that a substantial portion of the answers is not attributable to any retrieved passages (up to 50% of answers exactly matching a gold reference) despite the system being able to attend directly to the retrieved text. Second, to address this poor attribution level, we experiment with a wide range of attribution detection techniques. We find that Natural Language Inference models and PaLM 2 fine-tuned on a very small amount of attribution data can accurately detect attribution. With these models, we improve the attribution level of a cross-lingual QA system. Overall, we show that current academic generative cross-lingual QA systems have substantial shortcomings in attribution and we build tooling to mitigate these issues.- Anthology ID:
- 2023.emnlp-main.10
- Volume:
- Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
- Month:
- December
- Year:
- 2023
- Address:
- Singapore
- Editors:
- Houda Bouamor, Juan Pino, Kalika Bali
- Venue:
- EMNLP
- SIG:
- Publisher:
- Association for Computational Linguistics
- Note:
- Pages:
- 144–157
- Language:
- URL:
- https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.10
- DOI:
- 10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.10
- Cite (ACL):
- Benjamin Muller, John Wieting, Jonathan Clark, Tom Kwiatkowski, Sebastian Ruder, Livio Soares, Roee Aharoni, Jonathan Herzig, and Xinyi Wang. 2023. Evaluating and Modeling Attribution for Cross-Lingual Question Answering. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 144–157, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics.
- Cite (Informal):
- Evaluating and Modeling Attribution for Cross-Lingual Question Answering (Muller et al., EMNLP 2023)
- PDF:
- https://preview.aclanthology.org/proper-vol2-ingestion/2023.emnlp-main.10.pdf