@inproceedings{ostermann-etal-2026-weights,
    title = "From Weights to Activations: Is Steering the Next Frontier of Adaptation?",
    author = "Ostermann, Simon  and
      Gurgurov, Daniil  and
      Baeumel, Tanja  and
      Hedderich, Michael A.  and
      Lapuschkin, Sebastian  and
      Samek, Wojciech  and
      Schmitt, Vera",
    editor = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Moreira, Viviane P.  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2026",
    address = "San Diego, California, United States",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/paragraph-normalization/2026.acl-long.1377/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.1377",
    pages = "29854--29879",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-390-6",
    abstract = "Post-training adaptation of large language models is commonly achieved through parameter updates or input based methods such as fine-tuning, parameter-efficient adaptation, and prompting. In parallel, a growing body of work modifies internal activations at inference time to influence model behavior, an approach known as \textit{steering}. Despite increasing use, steering is rarely analyzed within the same conceptual framework as established adaptation methods.In this work, we argue that steering should be regarded as a form of model adaptation. We introduce a set of functional criteria for adaptation methods and use them to compare steering approaches with classical alternatives. This analysis positions steering as a distinct adaptation paradigm based on targeted interventions in activation space, enabling local and reversible behavioral change without parameter updates. The resulting framing clarifies how steering relates to existing methods, motivating a unified taxonomy for model adaptation."
}