Dongdong Zhang


2024

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Not All Metrics Are Guilty: Improving NLG Evaluation by Diversifying References
Tianyi Tang | Hongyuan Lu | Yuchen Jiang | Haoyang Huang | Dongdong Zhang | Xin Zhao | Tom Kocmi | Furu Wei
Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)

Most research about natural language generation (NLG) relies on evaluation benchmarks with limited references for a sample, which may result in poor correlations with human judgements. The underlying reason is that one semantic meaning can actually be expressed in different forms, and the evaluation with a single or few references may not accurately reflect the quality of the model’s hypotheses. To address this issue, this paper presents a simple and effective method, named **Div-Ref**, to enhance existing evaluation benchmarks by enriching the number of references. We leverage large language models (LLMs) to diversify the expression of a single reference into multiple high-quality ones to cover the semantic space of the reference sentence as much as possible. We conduct comprehensive experiments to empirically demonstrate that diversifying the expression of reference can significantly enhance the correlation between automatic evaluation and human evaluation. This idea is compatible with recent LLM-based evaluation which can similarly derive advantages from incorporating multiple references. *We strongly encourage future generation benchmarks to include more references, even if they are generated by LLMs, which is once for all.* We release all the code and data at https://github.com/RUCAIBox/Div-Ref to facilitate research.

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Revamping Multilingual Agreement Bidirectionally via Switched Back-translation for Multilingual Neural Machine Translation
Hongyuan Lu | Haoyang Huang | Dongdong Zhang | Furu Wei | Wai Lam
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL 2024

Despite the fact that multilingual agreement (MA) has shown its importance for multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT), current methodologies in the field have two shortages: (i) require parallel data between multiple language pairs, which is not always realistic and (ii) optimize the agreement in an ambiguous direction, which hampers the translation performance. We present Bidirectional Multilingual Agreement via Switched Back-translation (BMA-SBT), a novel and universal multilingual agreement framework for fine-tuning pre-trained MNMT models, which (i) exempts the need for aforementioned parallel data by using a novel method called switched BT that creates synthetic text written in another source language using the translation target and (ii) optimizes the agreement bidirectionally with the Kullback-Leibler Divergence loss. Experiments indicate that BMA-SBT clearly improves the strong baselines on the task of MNMT with three benchmarks: TED Talks, News, and Europarl. In-depth analyzes indicate that BMA-SBT brings additive improvements to the conventional BT method.

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Respond in my Language: Mitigating Language Inconsistency in Response Generation based on Large Language Models
Liang Zhang | Qin Jin | Haoyang Huang | Dongdong Zhang | Furu Wei
Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

Large Language Models (LLMs) show strong instruction understanding ability across multiple languages. However, they are easily biased towards English in instruction tuning, and generate English responses even given non-English instructions. In this paper, we investigate the language inconsistent generation problem in monolingual instruction tuning. We find that instruction tuning in English increases the models’ preference for English responses. It attaches higher probabilities to English responses than to responses in the same language as the instruction. Based on the findings, we alleviate the language inconsistent generation problem by counteracting the model preference for English responses in both the training and inference stages. Specifically, we propose Pseudo-Inconsistent Penalization (PIP) which prevents the model from generating English responses when given non-English language prompts during training, and Prior Enhanced Decoding (PED) which improves the language-consistent prior by leveraging the untuned base language model. Experimental results show that our two methods significantly improve the language consistency of the model without requiring any multilingual data. Our code, data, and models will be released.

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Language-Specific Neurons: The Key to Multilingual Capabilities in Large Language Models
Tianyi Tang | Wenyang Luo | Haoyang Huang | Dongdong Zhang | Xiaolei Wang | Xin Zhao | Furu Wei | Ji-Rong Wen
Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable multilingual capabilities without being pre-trained on specially curated multilingual parallel corpora.It remains a challenging problem to explain the underlying mechanisms by which LLMs process multilingual texts.In this paper, we delve into the composition of Transformer architectures in LLMs to pinpoint language-specific regions.Specially, we propose a novel detection method, language activation probability entropy (LAPE), to identify language-specific neurons within LLMs.Based on LAPE, we conduct comprehensive experiments on several representative LLMs, such as LLaMA-2, BLOOM, and Mistral. Our findings indicate that LLMs’ proficiency in processing a particular language is predominantly due to a small subset of neurons, primarily situated in the models’ top and bottom layers.Furthermore, we showcase the feasibility to “steer” the output language of LLMs by selectively activating or deactivating language-specific neurons. Our research provides important evidence to the understanding and exploration of the multilingual capabilities of LLMs.

2023

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On the Off-Target Problem of Zero-Shot Multilingual Neural Machine Translation
Liang Chen | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Furu Wei | Baobao Chang
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023

While multilingual neural machine translation has achieved great success, it suffers from the off-target issue, where the translation is in the wrong language. This problem is more pronounced on zero-shot translation tasks. In this work, we find that failing in encoding discriminative target language signal will lead to off-target and a closer lexical distance (i.e., KL-divergence) between two languages’ vocabularies is related with a higher off-target rate. We also find that solely isolating the vocab of different languages in the decoder can alleviate the problem. Motivated by the findings, we propose Language Aware Vocabulary Sharing (LAVS), a simple and effective algorithm to construct the multilingual vocabulary, that greatly alleviates the off-target problem of the translation model by increasing the KL-divergence between languages. We conduct experiments on a multilingual machine translation benchmark in 11 languages. Experiments show that the off-target rate for 90 translation tasks is reduced from 29% to 8%, while the overall BLEU score is improved by an average of 1.9 points without extra training cost or sacrificing the supervised directions’ performance. We release the code at https://github.com/PKUnlp-icler/Off-Target-MNMT for reproduction.

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TRIP: Accelerating Document-level Multilingual Pre-training via Triangular Document-level Pre-training on Parallel Data Triplets
Hongyuan Lu | Haoyang Huang | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Wai Lam | Zhaochuan Gao | Anthony Aue | Arul Menezes | Furu Wei
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023

Despite the success of multilingual sequence-to-sequence pre-training, most existing approaches rely on document-level monolingual corpora in many different languages, sentence-level bilingual corpora, and sometimes synthetic document-level bilingual corpora. This hampers the performance with cross-lingual document-level tasks such as document-level translation. Hence, we propose to mine and leverage document-level trilingual parallel corpora to improve sequence-to-sequence multilingual pre-training. We present Triangular Document-level Pre-training (TRIP) as the first in the field to accelerate the conventional monolingual and bilingual objectives into a trilingual objective with a novel method called Grafting. Experiments show that TRIP achieves several strong state-of-the-art (SOTA) scores on three multilingual document-level machine translation benchmarks and one cross-lingual abstractive summarization benchmark, including consistent improvements by up to 3.11 d-BLEU points and 8.9 ROUGE-L points.

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Not All Languages Are Created Equal in LLMs: Improving Multilingual Capability by Cross-Lingual-Thought Prompting
Haoyang Huang | Tianyi Tang | Dongdong Zhang | Xin Zhao | Ting Song | Yan Xia | Furu Wei
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive multilingual capability, but their performance varies substantially across different languages. In this work, we introduce a simple yet effective method, called cross-lingual-thought prompting (XLT), to systematically improve the multilingual capability of LLMs. Specifically, XLT is a generic template prompt that stimulates cross-lingual and logical reasoning skills to enhance task performance across languages. We conduct comprehensive evaluations on 7 typical benchmarks related to reasoning, understanding, and generation tasks, covering both high-resource and low-resource languages. Experimental results show that XLT not only remarkably enhances the performance of various multilingual tasks but also significantly reduces the gap between the average performance and the best performance of each task in different languages. Notably, XLT brings over 10 points of average improvement in arithmetic reasoning and open-domain question-answering tasks.

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Findings of the WMT 2023 Shared Task on Machine Translation with Terminologies
Kirill Semenov | Vilém Zouhar | Tom Kocmi | Dongdong Zhang | Wangchunshu Zhou | Yuchen Eleanor Jiang
Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Machine Translation

The WMT 2023 Terminology Shared Task investigates progress in machine translation of texts with specialized vocabulary. The participants were given the source text and segment-level terminology dictionaries for three language pairs: Chinese→English, English→Czech, and German→English. We evaluate 21 submissions from 7 teams on two main criteria: general translation quality and the effectiveness of translating specialized terminology. Systems took varied approaches — incorporating terminology at inference time or weakly supervised training that uses terminology access. While incorporating terminology dictionaries leads to improvement in the translation quality, incorporating an equal amount of information from the reference leads to similar results. This challenges the position of terminologies being the crux of meaning in translation, it can also be explained by inadequate metrics which are not terminology-centric.

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Target-Agnostic Gender-Aware Contrastive Learning for Mitigating Bias in Multilingual Machine Translation
Minwoo Lee | Hyukhun Koh | Kang-il Lee | Dongdong Zhang | Minsung Kim | Kyomin Jung
Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

Gender bias is a significant issue in machine translation, leading to ongoing research efforts in developing bias mitigation techniques. However, most works focus on debiasing bilingual models without much consideration for multilingual systems. In this paper, we specifically target the gender bias issue of multilingual machine translation models for unambiguous cases where there is a single correct translation, and propose a bias mitigation method based on a novel approach. Specifically, we propose Gender-Aware Contrastive Learning, GACL, which encodes contextual gender information into the representations of non-explicit gender words. Our method is target language-agnostic and is applicable to pre-trained multilingual machine translation models via fine-tuning. Through multilingual evaluation, we show that our approach improves gender accuracy by a wide margin without hampering translation performance. We also observe that incorporated gender information transfers and benefits other target languages regarding gender accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate that our method is applicable and beneficial to models of various sizes.

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Discourse-Centric Evaluation of Document-level Machine Translation with a New Densely Annotated Parallel Corpus of Novels
Yuchen Eleanor Jiang | Tianyu Liu | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Mrinmaya Sachan | Ryan Cotterell
Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

Several recent papers claim to have achieved human parity at sentence-level machine translation (MT)—especially between high-resource language pairs. In response, the MT community has, in part, shifted its focus to document-level translation. Translating documents requires a deeper understanding of the structure and meaning of text, which is often captured by various kinds of discourse phenomena such as consistency, coherence, and cohesion. However, this renders conventional sentence-level MT evaluation benchmarks inadequate for evaluating the performance of context-aware MT systems. This paperpresents a new dataset with rich discourse annotations, built upon the large-scale parallel corpus BWB introduced in Jiang et al. (2022a). The new BWB annotation introduces four extra evaluation aspects, i.e., entity, terminology, coreference, and quotation, covering 15,095 entity mentions in both languages. Using these annotations, we systematically investigate the similarities and differences between the discourse structures of source and target languages, and the challenges they pose to MT. We discover that MT outputs differ fundamentally from human translations in terms of their latent discourse structures. This gives us a new perspective on the challenges and opportunities in document-level MT. We make our resource publicly available to spur future research in document-level MT and its generalization to other language translation tasks.

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GanLM: Encoder-Decoder Pre-training with an Auxiliary Discriminator
Jian Yang | Shuming Ma | Li Dong | Shaohan Huang | Haoyang Huang | Yuwei Yin | Dongdong Zhang | Liqun Yang | Furu Wei | Zhoujun Li
Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

Pre-trained models have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing (NLP). However, existing pre-training methods underutilize the benefits of language understanding for generation. Inspired by the idea of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), we propose a GAN-style model for encoder-decoder pre-training by introducing an auxiliary discriminator, unifying the ability of language understanding and generation in a single model. Our model, named as GanLM, is trained with two pre-training objectives: replaced token detection and replaced token denoising. Specifically, given masked source sentences, the generator outputs the target distribution and the discriminator predicts whether the target sampled tokens from distribution are incorrect. The target sentence is replaced with misclassified tokens to construct noisy previous context, which is used to generate the gold sentence. In general, both tasks improve the ability of language understanding and generation by selectively using the denoising data. Extensive experiments in language generation benchmarks show that GanLM with the powerful language understanding capability outperforms various strong pre-trained language models (PLMs) and achieves state-of-the-art performance.

2022

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LVP-M3: Language-aware Visual Prompt for Multilingual Multimodal Machine Translation
Hongcheng Guo | Jiaheng Liu | Haoyang Huang | Jian Yang | Zhoujun Li | Dongdong Zhang | Zheng Cui
Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

Multimodal Machine Translation (MMT) focuses on enhancing text-only translation with visual features, which has attracted considerable attention from both natural language processing and computer vision communities. Recent advances still struggle to train a separate model for each language pair, which is costly and unaffordable when the number of languages increases in the real world. In other words, the multilingual multimodal machine translation (Multilingual MMT) task has not been investigated, which aims to handle the aforementioned issues by providing a shared semantic space for multiple languages. Besides, the image modality has no language boundaries, which is superior to bridging the semantic gap between languages. To this end,we first propose the Multilingual MMT task by establishing two new Multilingual MMT benchmark datasets covering seven languages.Then, an effective baseline LVP-M3 using visual prompts is proposed to support translations between different languages,which includes three stages (token encoding, language-aware visual prompt generation, and language translation). Extensive experimental results on our constructed benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of LVP-M3 method for Multilingual MMT.

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Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer of Prompt-based Tuning with a Unified Multilingual Prompt
Lianzhe Huang | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Furu Wei | Houfeng Wang
Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

Prompt-based tuning has been proven effective for pretrained language models (PLMs). While most of the existing work focuses on the monolingual prompts, we study the multilingual prompts for multilingual PLMs, especially in the zero-shot cross-lingual setting. To alleviate the effort of designing different prompts for multiple languages, we propose a novel model that uses a unified prompt for all languages, called UniPrompt. Different from the discrete prompts and soft prompts, the unified prompt is model-based and language-agnostic. Specifically, the unified prompt is initialized by a multilingual PLM to produce language-independent representation, after which is fused with the text input. During inference, the prompts can be pre-computed so that no extra computation cost is needed. To collocate with the unified prompt, we propose a new initialization method for the target label word to further improve the model’s transferability across languages. Extensive experiments show that our proposed methods can significantly outperform the strong baselines across different languages. We release data and code to facilitate future research.

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CROP: Zero-shot Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition with Multilingual Labeled Sequence Translation
Jian Yang | Shaohan Huang | Shuming Ma | Yuwei Yin | Li Dong | Dongdong Zhang | Hongcheng Guo | Zhoujun Li | Furu Wei
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022

Named entity recognition (NER) suffers from the scarcity of annotated training data, especially for low-resource languages without labeled data. Cross-lingual NER has been proposed to alleviate this issue by transferring knowledge from high-resource languages to low-resource languages via aligned cross-lingual representations or machine translation results. However, the performance of cross-lingual NER methods is severely affected by the unsatisfactory quality of translation or label projection. To address these problems, we propose a Cross-lingual Entity Projection framework (CROP) to enable zero-shot cross-lingual NER with the help of a multilingual labeled sequence translation model. Specifically, the target sequence is first translated into the source language and then tagged by a source NER model. We further adopt a labeled sequence translation model to project the tagged sequence back to the target language and label the target raw sentence. Ultimately, the whole pipeline is integrated into an end-to-end model by the way of self-training. Experimental results on two benchmarks demonstrate that our method substantially outperforms the previous strong baseline by a large margin of +3 7 F1 scores and achieves state-of-the-art performance.

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Towards Making the Most of Cross-Lingual Transfer for Zero-Shot Neural Machine Translation
Guanhua Chen | Shuming Ma | Yun Chen | Dongdong Zhang | Jia Pan | Wenping Wang | Furu Wei
Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

This paper demonstrates that multilingual pretraining and multilingual fine-tuning are both critical for facilitating cross-lingual transfer in zero-shot translation, where the neural machine translation (NMT) model is tested on source languages unseen during supervised training. Following this idea, we present SixT+, a strong many-to-English NMT model that supports 100 source languages but is trained with a parallel dataset in only six source languages. SixT+ initializes the decoder embedding and the full encoder with XLM-R large and then trains the encoder and decoder layers with a simple two-stage training strategy. SixT+ achieves impressive performance on many-to-English translation. It significantly outperforms CRISS and m2m-100, two strong multilingual NMT systems, with an average gain of 7.2 and 5.0 BLEU respectively. Additionally, SixT+ offers a set of model parameters that can be further fine-tuned to other unsupervised tasks. We demonstrate that adding SixT+ initialization outperforms state-of-the-art explicitly designed unsupervised NMT models on Si<->En and Ne<->En by over 1.2 average BLEU. When applied to zero-shot cross-lingual abstractive summarization, it produces an average performance gain of 12.3 ROUGE-L over mBART-ft. We conduct detailed analyses to understand the key ingredients of SixT+, including multilinguality of the auxiliary parallel data, positional disentangled encoder, and the cross-lingual transferability of its encoder.

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PAEG: Phrase-level Adversarial Example Generation for Neural Machine Translation
Juncheng Wan | Jian Yang | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Weinan Zhang | Yong Yu | Zhoujun Li
Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics

While end-to-end neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved impressive progress, noisy input usually leads models to become fragile and unstable. Generating adversarial examples as the augmented data has been proved to be useful to alleviate this problem. Existing methods for adversarial example generation (AEG) are word-level or character-level, which ignore the ubiquitous phrase structure. In this paper, we propose a Phrase-level Adversarial Example Generation (PAEG) framework to enhance the robustness of the translation model. Our method further improves the gradient-based word-level AEG method by adopting a phrase-level substitution strategy. We verify our method on three benchmarks, including LDC Chinese-English, IWSLT14 German-English, and WMT14 English-German tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly improves translation performance and robustness to noise compared to previous strong baselines.

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BlonDe: An Automatic Evaluation Metric for Document-level Machine Translation
Yuchen Jiang | Tianyu Liu | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Jian Yang | Haoyang Huang | Rico Sennrich | Ryan Cotterell | Mrinmaya Sachan | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies

Standard automatic metrics, e.g. BLEU, are not reliable for document-level MT evaluation. They can neither distinguish document-level improvements in translation quality from sentence-level ones, nor identify the discourse phenomena that cause context-agnostic translations. This paper introduces a novel automatic metric BlonDe to widen the scope of automatic MT evaluation from sentence to document level. BlonDe takes discourse coherence into consideration by categorizing discourse-related spans and calculating the similarity-based F1 measure of categorized spans. We conduct extensive comparisons on a newly constructed dataset BWB. The experimental results show that BlonDe possesses better selectivity and interpretability at the document-level, and is more sensitive to document-level nuances. In a large-scale human study, BlonDe also achieves significantly higher Pearson’s r correlation with human judgments compared to previous metrics.

2021

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Smart-Start Decoding for Neural Machine Translation
Jian Yang | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Juncheng Wan | Zhoujun Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies

Most current neural machine translation models adopt a monotonic decoding order of either left-to-right or right-to-left. In this work, we propose a novel method that breaks up the limitation of these decoding orders, called Smart-Start decoding. More specifically, our method first predicts a median word. It starts to decode the words on the right side of the median word and then generates words on the left. We evaluate the proposed Smart-Start decoding method on three datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly outperform strong baseline models.

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Multilingual Machine Translation Systems from Microsoft for WMT21 Shared Task
Jian Yang | Shuming Ma | Haoyang Huang | Dongdong Zhang | Li Dong | Shaohan Huang | Alexandre Muzio | Saksham Singhal | Hany Hassan | Xia Song | Furu Wei
Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation

This report describes Microsoft’s machine translation systems for the WMT21 shared task on large-scale multilingual machine translation. We participated in all three evaluation tracks including Large Track and two Small Tracks where the former one is unconstrained and the latter two are fully constrained. Our model submissions to the shared task were initialized with DeltaLM, a generic pre-trained multilingual encoder-decoder model, and fine-tuned correspondingly with the vast collected parallel data and allowed data sources according to track settings, together with applying progressive learning and iterative back-translation approaches to further improve the performance. Our final submissions ranked first on three tracks in terms of the automatic evaluation metric.

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Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer of Neural Machine Translation with Multilingual Pretrained Encoders
Guanhua Chen | Shuming Ma | Yun Chen | Li Dong | Dongdong Zhang | Jia Pan | Wenping Wang | Furu Wei
Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

Previous work mainly focuses on improving cross-lingual transfer for NLU tasks with a multilingual pretrained encoder (MPE), or improving the performance on supervised machine translation with BERT. However, it is under-explored that whether the MPE can help to facilitate the cross-lingual transferability of NMT model. In this paper, we focus on a zero-shot cross-lingual transfer task in NMT. In this task, the NMT model is trained with parallel dataset of only one language pair and an off-the-shelf MPE, then it is directly tested on zero-shot language pairs. We propose SixT, a simple yet effective model for this task. SixT leverages the MPE with a two-stage training schedule and gets further improvement with a position disentangled encoder and a capacity-enhanced decoder. Using this method, SixT significantly outperforms mBART, a pretrained multilingual encoder-decoder model explicitly designed for NMT, with an average improvement of 7.1 BLEU on zero-shot any-to-English test sets across 14 source languages. Furthermore, with much less training computation cost and training data, our model achieves better performance on 15 any-to-English test sets than CRISS and m2m-100, two strong multilingual NMT baselines.

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How Does Distilled Data Complexity Impact the Quality and Confidence of Non-Autoregressive Machine Translation?
Weijia Xu | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Marine Carpuat
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021

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Improving Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with Auxiliary Source Languages
Weijia Xu | Yuwei Yin | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Haoyang Huang
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021

Multilingual neural machine translation models typically handle one source language at a time. However, prior work has shown that translating from multiple source languages improves translation quality. Different from existing approaches on multi-source translation that are limited to the test scenario where parallel source sentences from multiple languages are available at inference time, we propose to improve multilingual translation in a more common scenario by exploiting synthetic source sentences from auxiliary languages. We train our model on synthetic multi-source corpora and apply random masking to enable flexible inference with single-source or bi-source inputs. Extensive experiments on Chinese/English-Japanese and a large-scale multilingual translation benchmark show that our model outperforms the multilingual baseline significantly by up to +4.0 BLEU with the largest improvements on low-resource or distant language pairs.

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Multilingual Agreement for Multilingual Neural Machine Translation
Jian Yang | Yuwei Yin | Shuming Ma | Haoyang Huang | Dongdong Zhang | Zhoujun Li | Furu Wei
Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)

Although multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT) enables multiple language translations, the training process is based on independent multilingual objectives. Most multilingual models can not explicitly exploit different language pairs to assist each other, ignoring the relationships among them. In this work, we propose a novel agreement-based method to encourage multilingual agreement among different translation directions, which minimizes the differences among them. We combine the multilingual training objectives with the agreement term by randomly substituting some fragments of the source language with their counterpart translations of auxiliary languages. To examine the effectiveness of our method, we conduct experiments on the multilingual translation task of 10 language pairs. Experimental results show that our method achieves significant improvements over the previous multilingual baselines.

2020

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Document Classification for COVID-19 Literature
Bernal Jimenez Gutierrez | Jucheng Zeng | Dongdong Zhang | Ping Zhang | Yu Su
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020

The global pandemic has made it more important than ever to quickly and accurately retrieve relevant scientific literature for effective consumption by researchers in a wide range of fields. We provide an analysis of several multi-label document classification models on the LitCovid dataset, a growing collection of 23,000 research papers regarding the novel 2019 coronavirus. We find that pre-trained language models fine-tuned on this dataset outperform all other baselines and that BioBERT surpasses the others by a small margin with micro-F1 and accuracy scores of around 86% and 75% respectively on the test set. We evaluate the data efficiency and generalizability of these models as essential features of any system prepared to deal with an urgent situation like the current health crisis. We perform a data ablation study to determine how important article titles are for achieving reasonable performance on this dataset. Finally, we explore 50 errors made by the best performing models on LitCovid documents and find that they often (1) correlate certain labels too closely together and (2) fail to focus on discriminative sections of the articles; both of which are important issues to address in future work. Both data and code are available on GitHub.

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Document Classification for COVID-19 Literature
Bernal Jiménez Gutiérrez | Juncheng Zeng | Dongdong Zhang | Ping Zhang | Yu Su
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on NLP for COVID-19 at ACL 2020

The global pandemic has made it more important than ever to quickly and accurately retrieve relevant scientific literature for effective consumption by researchers in a wide range of fields. We provide an analysis of several multi-label document classification models on the LitCovid dataset. We find that pre-trained language models outperform other models in both low and high data regimes, achieving a maximum F1 score of around 86%. We note that even the highest performing models still struggle with label correlation, distraction from introductory text and CORD-19 generalization. Both data and code are available on GitHub.

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A Simple and Effective Unified Encoder for Document-Level Machine Translation
Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Most of the existing models for document-level machine translation adopt dual-encoder structures. The representation of the source sentences and the document-level contexts are modeled with two separate encoders. Although these models can make use of the document-level contexts, they do not fully model the interaction between the contexts and the source sentences, and can not directly adapt to the recent pre-training models (e.g., BERT) which encodes multiple sentences with a single encoder. In this work, we propose a simple and effective unified encoder that can outperform the baseline models of dual-encoder models in terms of BLEU and METEOR scores. Moreover, the pre-training models can further boost the performance of our proposed model.

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Improving Neural Machine Translation with Soft Template Prediction
Jian Yang | Shuming Ma | Dongdong Zhang | Zhoujun Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Although neural machine translation (NMT) has achieved significant progress in recent years, most previous NMT models only depend on the source text to generate translation. Inspired by the success of template-based and syntax-based approaches in other fields, we propose to use extracted templates from tree structures as soft target templates to guide the translation procedure. In order to learn the syntactic structure of the target sentences, we adopt constituency-based parse tree to generate candidate templates. We incorporate the template information into the encoder-decoder framework to jointly utilize the templates and source text. Experiments show that our model significantly outperforms the baseline models on four benchmarks and demonstrates the effectiveness of soft target templates.

2017

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Sequence-to-Dependency Neural Machine Translation
Shuangzhi Wu | Dongdong Zhang | Nan Yang | Mu Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

Nowadays a typical Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model generates translations from left to right as a linear sequence, during which latent syntactic structures of the target sentences are not explicitly concerned. Inspired by the success of using syntactic knowledge of target language for improving statistical machine translation, in this paper we propose a novel Sequence-to-Dependency Neural Machine Translation (SD-NMT) method, in which the target word sequence and its corresponding dependency structure are jointly constructed and modeled, and this structure is used as context to facilitate word generations. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on Chinese-English and Japanese-English translation tasks.

2015

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Efficient Disfluency Detection with Transition-based Parsing
Shuangzhi Wu | Dongdong Zhang | Ming Zhou | Tiejun Zhao
Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)

2014

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Learning Topic Representation for SMT with Neural Networks
Lei Cui | Dongdong Zhang | Shujie Liu | Qiming Chen | Mu Li | Ming Zhou | Muyun Yang
Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

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A Lexicalized Reordering Model for Hierarchical Phrase-based Translation
Hailong Cao | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Ming Zhou | Tiejun Zhao
Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers

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Soft Dependency Matching for Hierarchical Phrase-based Machine Translation
Hailong Cao | Dongdong Zhang | Ming Zhou | Tiejun Zhao
Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers

2013

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Multi-Domain Adaptation for SMT Using Multi-Task Learning
Lei Cui | Xilun Chen | Dongdong Zhang | Shujie Liu | Mu Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

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Punctuation Prediction with Transition-based Parsing
Dongdong Zhang | Shuangzhi Wu | Nan Yang | Mu Li
Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

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Bilingual Data Cleaning for SMT using Graph-based Random Walk
Lei Cui | Dongdong Zhang | Shujie Liu | Mu Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)

2012

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A Ranking-based Approach to Word Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation
Nan Yang | Mu Li | Dongdong Zhang | Nenghai Yu
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

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Hierarchical Chunk-to-String Translation
Yang Feng | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Qun Liu
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

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Translation Model Size Reduction for Hierarchical Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation
Seung-Wook Lee | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Ming Zhou | Hae-Chang Rim
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)

2011

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Function Word Generation in Statistical Machine Translation Systems
Lei Cui | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XIII: Papers

2010

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A Joint Rule Selection Model for Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation
Lei Cui | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Ming Zhou | Tiejun Zhao
Proceedings of the ACL 2010 Conference Short Papers

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Mixture Model-based Minimum Bayes Risk Decoding using Multiple Machine Translation Systems
Nan Duan | Mu Li | Dongdong Zhang | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010)

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Adaptive Development Data Selection for Log-linear Model in Statistical Machine Translation
Mu Li | Yinggong Zhao | Dongdong Zhang | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010)

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Hybrid Decoding: Decoding with Partial Hypotheses Combination over Multiple SMT Systems
Lei Cui | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Ming Zhou | Tiejun Zhao
Coling 2010: Posters

2009

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Collaborative Decoding: Partial Hypothesis Re-ranking Using Translation Consensus between Decoders
Mu Li | Nan Duan | Dongdong Zhang | Chi-Ho Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP

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Better Synchronous Binarization for Machine Translation
Tong Xiao | Mu Li | Dongdong Zhang | Jingbo Zhu | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

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Introduction to China’s CWMT2008 Machine Translation Evaluation
Hongmei Zhao | Jun Xie | Qun Liu | Yajuan Lü | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit XII: Papers

2008

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An Empirical Study in Source Word Deletion for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation
Chi-Ho Li | Hailei Zhang | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation

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Diagnostic Evaluation of Machine Translation Systems Using Automatically Constructed Linguistic Check-Points
Ming Zhou | Bo Wang | Shujie Liu | Mu Li | Dongdong Zhang | Tiejun Zhao
Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008)

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Measure Word Generation for English-Chinese SMT Systems
Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Nan Duan | Chi-Ho Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT

2007

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A Probabilistic Approach to Syntax-based Reordering for Statistical Machine Translation
Chi-Ho Li | Minghui Li | Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Ming Zhou | Yi Guan
Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics

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Phrase Reordering Model Integrating Syntactic Knowledge for SMT
Dongdong Zhang | Mu Li | Chi-Ho Li | Ming Zhou
Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)