Text Classification Improved by Integrating Bidirectional LSTM with Two-dimensional Max Pooling
Peng Zhou, Zhenyu Qi, Suncong Zheng, Jiaming Xu, Hongyun Bao, Bo Xu
Abstract
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is one of the most popular architectures used in Natural Language Processsing (NLP) tasks because its recurrent structure is very suitable to process variable-length text. RNN can utilize distributed representations of words by first converting the tokens comprising each text into vectors, which form a matrix. And this matrix includes two dimensions: the time-step dimension and the feature vector dimension. Then most existing models usually utilize one-dimensional (1D) max pooling operation or attention-based operation only on the time-step dimension to obtain a fixed-length vector. However, the features on the feature vector dimension are not mutually independent, and simply applying 1D pooling operation over the time-step dimension independently may destroy the structure of the feature representation. On the other hand, applying two-dimensional (2D) pooling operation over the two dimensions may sample more meaningful features for sequence modeling tasks. To integrate the features on both dimensions of the matrix, this paper explores applying 2D max pooling operation to obtain a fixed-length representation of the text. This paper also utilizes 2D convolution to sample more meaningful information of the matrix. Experiments are conducted on six text classification tasks, including sentiment analysis, question classification, subjectivity classification and newsgroup classification. Compared with the state-of-the-art models, the proposed models achieve excellent performance on 4 out of 6 tasks. Specifically, one of the proposed models achieves highest accuracy on Stanford Sentiment Treebank binary classification and fine-grained classification tasks.- Anthology ID:
- C16-1329
- Volume:
- Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers
- Month:
- December
- Year:
- 2016
- Address:
- Osaka, Japan
- Editors:
- Yuji Matsumoto, Rashmi Prasad
- Venue:
- COLING
- SIG:
- Publisher:
- The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee
- Note:
- Pages:
- 3485–3495
- Language:
- URL:
- https://aclanthology.org/C16-1329
- DOI:
- Cite (ACL):
- Peng Zhou, Zhenyu Qi, Suncong Zheng, Jiaming Xu, Hongyun Bao, and Bo Xu. 2016. Text Classification Improved by Integrating Bidirectional LSTM with Two-dimensional Max Pooling. In Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, pages 3485–3495, Osaka, Japan. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee.
- Cite (Informal):
- Text Classification Improved by Integrating Bidirectional LSTM with Two-dimensional Max Pooling (Zhou et al., COLING 2016)
- PDF:
- https://preview.aclanthology.org/nschneid-patch-4/C16-1329.pdf
- Code
- additional community code
- Data
- SST, SST-2