Abstract
Amidst the rapid expansion of Machine Learning (ML) and Large Language Models (LLMs), understanding the semantics within their mechanisms is vital. Causal analyses define semantics, while gradient-based methods are essential to eXplainable AI (XAI), interpreting the model’s ‘black box’. Integrating these, we investigate how a model’s mechanisms reveal its causal effect on evidence-based decision-making. Research indicates intersectionality - the combined impact of an individual’s demographics - can be framed as an Average Treatment Effect (ATE). This paper demonstrates that hateful meme detection can be viewed as an ATE estimation using intersectionality principles, and summarized gradient-based attention scores highlight distinct behaviors of three Transformer models. We further reveal that LLM Llama-2 can discern the intersectional aspects of the detection through in-context learning and that the learning process could be explained via meta-gradient, a secondary form of gradient. In conclusion, this work furthers the dialogue on Causality and XAI. Our code is available online (see External Resources section).- Anthology ID:
- 2024.lrec-main.259
- Volume:
- Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)
- Month:
- May
- Year:
- 2024
- Address:
- Torino, Italia
- Editors:
- Nicoletta Calzolari, Min-Yen Kan, Veronique Hoste, Alessandro Lenci, Sakriani Sakti, Nianwen Xue
- Venues:
- LREC | COLING
- SIG:
- Publisher:
- ELRA and ICCL
- Note:
- Pages:
- 2901–2916
- Language:
- URL:
- https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.259
- DOI:
- Cite (ACL):
- Yosuke Miyanishi and Minh Le Nguyen. 2024. Causal Intersectionality and Dual Form of Gradient Descent for Multimodal Analysis: A Case Study on Hateful Memes. In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), pages 2901–2916, Torino, Italia. ELRA and ICCL.
- Cite (Informal):
- Causal Intersectionality and Dual Form of Gradient Descent for Multimodal Analysis: A Case Study on Hateful Memes (Miyanishi & Nguyen, LREC-COLING 2024)
- PDF:
- https://preview.aclanthology.org/nschneid-patch-4/2024.lrec-main.259.pdf