CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioning
Jack Hessel, Ari Holtzman, Maxwell Forbes, Ronan Le Bras, Yejin Choi
Abstract
Image captioning has conventionally relied on reference-based automatic evaluations, where machine captions are compared against captions written by humans. This is in contrast to the reference-free manner in which humans assess caption quality. In this paper, we report the surprising empirical finding that CLIP (Radford et al., 2021), a cross-modal model pretrained on 400M image+caption pairs from the web, can be used for robust automatic evaluation of image captioning without the need for references. Experiments spanning several corpora demonstrate that our new reference-free metric, CLIPScore, achieves the highest correlation with human judgements, outperforming existing reference-based metrics like CIDEr and SPICE. Information gain experiments demonstrate that CLIPScore, with its tight focus on image-text compatibility, is complementary to existing reference-based metrics that emphasize text-text similarities. Thus, we also present a reference-augmented version, RefCLIPScore, which achieves even higher correlation. Beyond literal description tasks, several case studies reveal domains where CLIPScore performs well (clip-art images, alt-text rating), but also where it is relatively weaker in comparison to reference-based metrics, e.g., news captions that require richer contextual knowledge.- Anthology ID:
- 2021.emnlp-main.595
- Original:
- 2021.emnlp-main.595v1
- Version 2:
- 2021.emnlp-main.595v2
- Volume:
- Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
- Month:
- November
- Year:
- 2021
- Address:
- Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
- Editors:
- Marie-Francine Moens, Xuanjing Huang, Lucia Specia, Scott Wen-tau Yih
- Venue:
- EMNLP
- SIG:
- Publisher:
- Association for Computational Linguistics
- Note:
- Pages:
- 7514–7528
- Language:
- URL:
- https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-main.595
- DOI:
- 10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.595
- Cite (ACL):
- Jack Hessel, Ari Holtzman, Maxwell Forbes, Ronan Le Bras, and Yejin Choi. 2021. CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioning. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 7514–7528, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics.
- Cite (Informal):
- CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioning (Hessel et al., EMNLP 2021)
- PDF:
- https://preview.aclanthology.org/nschneid-patch-4/2021.emnlp-main.595.pdf
- Code
- jmhessel/clipscore + additional community code