This paper examines the role of emotion annotations to characterize extremist content released on social platforms. The analysis of extremist content is important to identify user emotions towards some extremist ideas and to highlight the root cause of where emotions and extremist attitudes merge together. To address these issues our methodology combines knowledge from sociological and linguistic annotations to explore French extremist content collected online. For emotion linguistic analysis, the solution presented in this paper relies on a complex linguistic annotation scheme. The scheme was used to annotate extremist text corpora in French. Data sets were collected online by following semi-automatic procedures for content selection and validation. The paper describes the integrated annotation scheme, the annotation protocol that was set-up for French corpora annotation and the results, e.g. agreement measures and remarks on annotation disagreements. The aim of this work is twofold: first, to provide a characterization of extremist contents; second, to validate the annotation scheme and to test its capacity to capture and describe various aspects of emotions.

This paper presents a scheme for emotion annotation and its manual application on a genre-diverse corpus of texts written in French. The methodology introduced here emphasizes the necessity of clarifying the main concepts implied by the analysis of emotions as they are expressed in texts, before conducting a manual annotation campaign. After explaining whatentails a deeply linguistic perspective on emotion expression modeling, we present a few NLP works that share some common points with this perspective and meticulously compare our approach with them. We then highlight some interesting quantitative results observed on our annotated corpus. The most notable interactions are on the one hand between emotion expression modes and genres of texts, and on the other hand between emotion expression modes and emotional categories. These observation corroborate and clarify some of the results already mentioned in other NLP works on emotion annotation.

Nos travaux abordent la question de la mesure de la complexité d’un texte vis-à-vis d’une cible de lecteurs, les enfants en âge de lire, au travers de la mise en place d’une chaîne de traitements. Cette chaîne vise à extraire des descripteurs linguistiques, principalement issus de travaux en psycholinguistique et de travaux sur la lisibilité, mobilisables pour appréhender la complexité d’un texte. En l’appliquant sur un corpus de textes de fiction, elle permet d’étudier des corrélations entre certains descripteurs linguistiques et les tranches d’âges associées aux textes par les éditeurs. L’analyse de ces corrélations tend à valider la pertinence de la catégorisation en âges par les éditeurs. Elle justifie ainsi la mobilisation d’un tel corpus pour entraîner à partir des âges éditeurs un modèle de prédiction de l’âge cible d’un texte.

The understanding of a text by a reader or listener is conditioned by the adequacy of the text’s characteristics with the person’s capacities and knowledge. This adequacy is critical in the case of a child since her/his cognitive and linguistic skills are still under development. Hence, in this paper, we present and study an original natural language processing (NLP) task which consists in predicting the age from which a text can be understood by someone. To do so, this paper first exhibits features derived from the psycholinguistic domain, as well as some coming from related NLP tasks. Then, we propose a set of neural network models and compare them on a dataset of French texts dedicated to young or adult audiences. To circumvent the lack of data, we study the idea to predict ages at the sentence level. The experiments first show that the sentence-based age recommendations can be efficiently merged to predict text-based recommendations. Then, we also demonstrate that the age predictions returned by our best model are better than those provided by psycholinguists. Finally, the paper investigates the impact of the various features used in these results.

Cet article étudie une première tentative pour prédire une recommandation d’âge estimant à partir de quand un enfant pourrait comprendre un texte donné. À ce titre, nous présentons d’abord des descripteurs issus de divers domaines scientifiques, puis proposons différentes architectures de réseaux de neurones et les comparons sur un ensemble de données textuelles en français, dédiées à des publics jeune ou adulte. Pour contourner la faible quantité de données de ce type, nous étudions l’idée de prédire les âges au niveau de la phrase. Les expériences montrent que cette hypothèse, quoique forte, conduit d’ores et déjà à de bons résultats, meilleurs que ceux fournis par des experts psycholinguistes, y compris lorsque les phrases isolées sont remplacées par textes complets.

Cet article présente une typologie de divers modes d’expression linguistique des émotions, le schéma d’annotation sous Glozz qui implémente cette typologie et un corpus de textes journalistiques pour enfants annoté à l’aide de ce schéma. Ces travaux préliminaires s’insèrent dans le contexte d’une étude relative au développement des capacités langagières des enfants, en particulier de leur capacité à comprendre un texte selon des critères émotionnels.

Children have less linguistic skills than adults, which makes it more difficult for them to understand some texts, for instance when browsing the Internet. In this context, we present a novel method which predicts the minimal age from which a text can be understood. This method analyses each sentence of a text using a recurrent neural network, and then aggregates this information to provide the text-level prediction. Different approaches are proposed and compared to baseline models, at sentence and text levels. Experiments are carried out on a corpus of 1, 500 texts and 160K sentences. Our best model, based on LSTMs, outperforms state-of-the-art results and achieves mean absolute errors of 1.86 and 2.28, at sentence and text levels, respectively.