@inproceedings{li-zhang-2025-crossqg,
    title = "{C}ross{QG}: Improving Difficulty-Controllable Question Generation through Consistency Enhancement",
    author = "Li, Kunze  and
      Zhang, Yu",
    editor = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Rose, Carolyn  and
      Peng, Violet",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025",
    month = nov,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Suzhou, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/name-variant-enfa-fane/2025.findings-emnlp.151/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.151",
    pages = "2783--2798",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-335-7",
    abstract = "Automatically generating questions with controlled difficulty has great application value, especially in the field of education. Although large language models are capable of generating questions of various difficulty levels, the generated questions often fail to align with the given target difficulty. To mitigate this issue, we propose CrossQG, a novel question generation method that requires no tuning of generator parameters, yet significantly improves difficulty consistency. Specifically, CrossQG consists of two steps: (1) contrast enhancement, which leverages questions from different difficulty levels to enhance the base models' understanding of the target difficulty, and (2) cross filtering, which compares generated questions across different difficulty levels and filters out those that do not meet the target difficulty. We evaluate CrossQG on three high-quality question answering datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that across multiple models, CrossQG significantly outperforms several mainstream methods, achieving superior consistency with target difficulty and improving question quality. Notably, without generator training, CrossQG surpasses supervised fine-tuning in various instances."
}