Linguistic Dependencies and Statistical Dependence
Jacob Louis Hoover, Wenyu Du, Alessandro Sordoni, Timothy J. O’Donnell
Abstract
Are pairs of words that tend to occur together also likely to stand in a linguistic dependency? This empirical question is motivated by a long history of literature in cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and NLP. In this work we contribute an extensive analysis of the relationship between linguistic dependencies and statistical dependence between words. Improving on previous work, we introduce the use of large pretrained language models to compute contextualized estimates of the pointwise mutual information between words (CPMI). For multiple models and languages, we extract dependency trees which maximize CPMI, and compare to gold standard linguistic dependencies. Overall, we find that CPMI dependencies achieve an unlabelled undirected attachment score of at most ≈ 0.5. While far above chance, and consistently above a non-contextualized PMI baseline, this score is generally comparable to a simple baseline formed by connecting adjacent words. We analyze which kinds of linguistic dependencies are best captured in CPMI dependencies, and also find marked differences between the estimates of the large pretrained language models, illustrating how their different training schemes affect the type of dependencies they capture.- Anthology ID:
- 2021.emnlp-main.234
- Volume:
- Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
- Month:
- November
- Year:
- 2021
- Address:
- Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
- Editors:
- Marie-Francine Moens, Xuanjing Huang, Lucia Specia, Scott Wen-tau Yih
- Venue:
- EMNLP
- SIG:
- Publisher:
- Association for Computational Linguistics
- Note:
- Pages:
- 2941–2963
- Language:
- URL:
- https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-main.234
- DOI:
- 10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.234
- Cite (ACL):
- Jacob Louis Hoover, Wenyu Du, Alessandro Sordoni, and Timothy J. O’Donnell. 2021. Linguistic Dependencies and Statistical Dependence. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 2941–2963, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics.
- Cite (Informal):
- Linguistic Dependencies and Statistical Dependence (Hoover et al., EMNLP 2021)
- PDF:
- https://preview.aclanthology.org/naacl24-info/2021.emnlp-main.234.pdf
- Code
- mcqll/cpmi-dependencies
- Data
- Penn Treebank, Universal Dependencies