Gregor Bachmann


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2025

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Tokenisation is NP-Complete
Philip Whittington | Gregor Bachmann | Tiago Pimentel
Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

In this work, we prove the NP-completeness of two variants of tokenisation, defined here as the problem of compressing a dataset to at most 𝛿 symbols by either finding a vocabulary directly (_direct_ tokenisation), or selecting a sequence of merge operations (_bottom-up_ tokenisation).