Annant Jain


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2025

pdf bib
Statement-Tuning Enables Efficient Cross-lingual Generalization in Encoder-only Models
Ahmed Elshabrawy | Thanh-Nhi Nguyen | Yeeun Kang | Lihan Feng | Annant Jain | Faadil Abdullah Shaikh | Jonibek Mansurov | Mohamed Fazli Mohamed Imam | Jesus-German Ortiz-Barajas | Rendi Chevi | Alham Fikri Aji
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in zero-shot and few-shot tasks, but achieving similar performance with encoder-only models like BERT and RoBERTa has been challenging due to their architecture. However, encoders offer advantages such as lower computational and memory costs. Recent work adapts them for zero-shot generalization using Statement Tuning, which reformulates tasks into finite templates. We extend this approach to multilingual NLP, exploring whether encoders can achieve zero-shot cross-lingual generalization and serve as efficient alternatives to memory-intensive LLMs for low-resource languages. Our results show that state-of-the-art encoder models generalize well across languages, rivaling multilingual LLMs while being more efficient. We also analyze multilingual Statement Tuning dataset design, efficiency gains, and language-specific generalization, contributing to more inclusive and resource-efficient NLP models. We release our code and models.