This study investigates the integration of diverse patient data sources into multimodal language models for automated chest X-ray (CXR) report generation. Traditionally, CXR report generation relies solely on data from a patient’s CXR exam, overlooking valuable information from patient electronic health records. Utilising the MIMIC-CXR and MIMIC-IV-ED datasets, we investigate the use of patient data from emergency department (ED) records — such as vital signs measured and medicines reconciled during an ED stay — for CXR report generation, with the aim of enhancing diagnostic accuracy. We also investigate conditioning CXR report generation on the clinical history section of radiology reports, which has been overlooked in the literature. We introduce a novel approach to transform these heterogeneous data sources into patient data embeddings that prompt a multimodal language model (CXRMate-ED). Our comprehensive evaluation indicates that using a broader set of patient data significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy. The model, training code, and dataset are publicly available.

Biomedical texts, such as research articles and clinical reports, are often written in highly technical language, making them difficult for patients and the general public to understand. The BioLaySumm 2025 Shared Task addresses this challenge by promoting the development of models that generate lay summarisation of biomedical content. This paper focuses on Subtask 2.1: Radiology Report Generation with Layman’s Terms. In this work, we evaluate two large language model (LLM) architectures, T5-large (700M parameter encoder–decoder model) and LLaMA-3.2-3B (3B parameter decoder-only model). Both models are trained under fully-supervised conditions using the task’s multi-source dataset. Our results show that T5-large consistently outperforms LLaMA-3.2-3B across nine out of ten metrics, including relevance, readability, and clinical accuracy, despite having only a quarter of the parameters. Our T5-based model achieved the top rank in both the open-source and close-source tracks of the subtask 2.1.

The core novelty of our approach lies in the addition of entropy regularisation to self-critical sequence training. This helps maintain a higher entropy in the token distribution, preventing overfitting to common phrases and ensuring a broader exploration of the vocabulary during training, which is essential for handling the diversity of the radiology reports in the RRG24 datasets. We apply this to a multimodal language model with RadGraph as the reward. Additionally, our model incorporates several other aspects. We use token type embeddings to differentiate between findings and impression section tokens, as well as image embeddings. To handle missing sections, we employ special tokens. We also utilise an attention mask with non-causal masking for the image embeddings and a causal mask for the report token embeddings.

Clinical documentation is an important aspect of clinicians’ daily work and often demands a significant amount of time. The BioNLP 2024 Shared Task on Streamlining Discharge Documentation (Discharge Me!) aims to alleviate this documentation burden by automatically generating discharge summary sections, including brief hospital course and discharge instruction, which are often time-consuming to synthesize and write manually. We approach the generation task by fine-tuning multiple open-sourced language models (LMs), including both decoder-only and encoder-decoder LMs, with various configurations on input context. We also examine different setups for decoding algorithms, model ensembling or merging, and model specialization. Our results show that conditioning on the content of discharge summary prior to the target sections is effective for the generation task. Furthermore, we find that smaller encoder-decoder LMs can work as well or even slightly better than larger decoder-based LMs fine-tuned through LoRA. The model checkpoints from our team (aehrc) are openly available.

We describe the participation of team e-Health CSIRO in the BioNLP RadSum task of 2023. This task aims to develop automatic summarisation methods for radiology. The subtask that we participated in was multimodal; the impression section of a report was to be summarised from a given findings section and set of Chest X-rays (CXRs) of a subject’s study. For our method, we adapted an encoder-to-decoder model for CXR report generation to the subtask. e-Health CSIRO placed seventh amongst the participating teams with a RadGraph ER F1 score of 23.9.