Back-of-the-book indexes (BoBIs) are crucial for book readability. However, their manual creation is laborious and error prone. In this paper, we introduce ArBoBIM to automate BoBI extraction and review processes for Arabic books. Given a book with a corresponding BoBI, ArBoBIM extracts BoBI terms and identifies their occurrences and aligns those across several versions of the book. ArBoBIM first defines a pool of candidates for each term by leveraging noun phrases and named entities. ArBoBIM leverages several metrics, including exact matches, morpho-lexical similarity, and semantic similarity, to determine the best candidates. We empirically fine-tuned thresholds for ArBoBIM and achieve an F1-score of 0.94 (precision= 0.97, recall=0.91). These results are significantly better than baseline results, and top LLM based results with lower computational cost and no publishing house IP risks. Additionally, with ArBoBIM, over 500 books have been processed, resulting in the ArBoBIMap dataset, containing books, their terms, occurrences, and various metadata related to them, to be made available for the public. This dataset is used to train a model to identify if a term, given its features, should be added to the back-of-the-book index of a specific book. The model achieves an F1-score of 0.91 (precision = 0.97, recall = 0.85).

This paper introduces an industry level citation element extractor from Arabic text. Citation element extraction enables editorial task automation for publishing houses, creation of citation networks, and automatic citation analytics for impact analysis firms. Citation library tools help users manage their citations. However, for Arabic, these tools lack basic support to identify and extract citation elements. Consequently, researchers, editors and reviewers manually manage Arabic citations tasks. We present a novel Arabic citation element dataset, use it to train a citation element extraction model, and use named entity recognition, morphological analysis, and keyword detection to improve the results for practical use. The paper reports industry ready performance with F1 scores ranging between .80 and .95 for interesting citation elements.

We present ImageEval 2025, the first shared task dedicated to Arabic image captioning. The task addresses the critical gap in multimodal Arabic NLP by focusing on two complementary subtasks: (1) creating the first open-source, manually-captioned Arabic image dataset through a collaborative datathon, and (2) developing and evaluating Arabic image captioning models. A total of 44 teams registered, of which eight submitted during the test phase, producing 111 valid submissions. Evaluation was conducted using automatic metrics, LLM-based judgment, and human assessment. In Subtask 1, the best-performing system achieved a cosine similarity of 65.5, while in Subtask 2, the top score was 60.0. Although these results show encouraging progress, they also confirm that Arabic image captioning remains a challenging task, particularly due to cultural grounding requirements, morphological richness, and dialectal variation. All datasets, baseline models, and evaluation tools are released publicly to support future research in Arabic multimodal NLP.

This paper presents R-BPE, a lightweight framework for adapting existing Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) tokenizers to better support a specified target language. It reuses tokens from user-excluded languages and creates ID-based maps to resolve the new tokens of the chosen language. We evaluate R-BPE on Arabic as a target language. R-BPE reduced subword fertility by an average of 24.4% across the LLaMA 3.1 8B, Command R 35B, and Qwen 3 8B models. Applied to LLaMA 3.1 8B in continued pretraining mode, R-BPE yields a 7.33% reduction in training time. On the ArabicMMLU benchmark, the resulting model improved by 5.09 points on five in-domain topics and matched the original model’s overall performance. It also preserved performance on EnglishMMLU. R-BPE effectively leverages existing models’ tokenizers, embedding layers, and performance to better support target languages without incurring model size changes. We release an R-BPE implementation that is compatible with HuggingFace interfaces and thereby readily applicable to a wide range of existing models at https://acr.ps/1L9GPmL.

In this paper, we propose a model-agnostic cost-effective approach to developing bilingual base large language models (LLMs) to support English and any target language. The method includes vocabulary expansion, initialization of new embeddings, model training and evaluation. We performed our experiments with three languages, each using a non-Latin script—Ukrainian, Arabic, and Georgian.Our approach demonstrates improved language performance while reducing computational costs. It mitigates the disproportionate penalization of underrepresented languages, promoting fairness and minimizing adverse phenomena such as code-switching and broken grammar. Additionally, we introduce new metrics to evaluate language quality, revealing that vocabulary size significantly impacts the quality of generated text.

Relational entity extraction is key in building knowledge graphs. A relational entity has a source, a tail and a type. In this paper, we consider Arabic text and introduce evidence enrichment which intuitively informs models for better predictions. Relational evidence is an expression in the text that explains how sources and targets relate. This paper augments the existing SRED^FM relational extraction dataset with evidence annotation to its 2.9-million Arabic relations. We leverage the augmented dataset to build AREEj, a relation extraction with evidence model from Arabic documents. The evidence augmentation model we constructed to complete the dataset achieved .82 F1-score (.93 precision, .73 recall). The target AREEj outperformed SOTA mREBEL with .72 F1-score (.78 precision, .66 recall).

In this paper, we present our submission for the WojoodNER 2024 Shared Tasks addressing flat and nested sub-tasks (1, 2). We experiment with three different approaches. We train (i) an Arabic fine-tuned version of BLOOMZ-7b-mt, GEMMA-7b, and AraBERTv2 on multi-label token classifications task; (ii) two AraBERTv2 models, on main types and sub-types respectively; and (iii) one model for main types and four for the four sub-types. Based on the Wojood NER 2024 test set results, the three fine-tuned models performed similarly with AraBERTv2 favored (F1: Flat=.8780 Nested=.9040). The five model approach performed slightly better (F1: Flat=.8782 Nested=.9043).

This paper details our submission to the WojoodNER Shared Task 2024, leveraging in-context learning with large language models for Arabic Named Entity Recognition. We utilized the Command R model, to perform fine-grained NER on the Wojood-Fine corpus. Our primary approach achieved an F1 score of 0.737 and a recall of 0.756. Post-processing the generated predictions to correct format inconsistencies resulted in an increased recall of 0.759, and a similar F1 score of 0.735. A multi-level prompting method and aggregation of outputs resulted in a lower F1 score of 0.637. Our results demonstrate the potential of ICL for Arabic NER while highlighting challenges related to LLM output consistency.

This paper presents Nâbra (نَبْرَة), a corpora of Syrian Arabic dialects with morphological annotations. A team of Syrian natives collected more than 6K sentences containing about 60K words from several sources including social media posts, scripts of movies and series, lyrics of songs and local proverbs to build Nâbra. Nâbra covers several local Syrian dialects including those of Aleppo, Damascus, Deir-ezzur, Hama, Homs, Huran, Latakia, Mardin, Raqqah, and Suwayda. A team of nine annotators annotated the 60K tokens with full morphological annotations across sentence contexts. We trained the annotators to follow methodological annotation guidelines to ensure unique morpheme annotations, and normalized the annotations. F1 and 𝜅 agreement scores ranged between 74% and 98% across features, showing the excellent quality of Nâbra annotations. Our corpora are open-source and publicly available as part of the Currasat portal https://sina.birzeit.edu/currasat.

Most recent models for Arabic topic classification leveraged fine-tuning existing pre-trained transformer models and targeted a limited number of categories. More recently, advances in automated ML and generative models introduced novel potentials for the task. While these approaches work for English, it is a question of whether they perform well for low-resourced languages; Arabic in particular. This paper presents (i) ArBoNeClass; a novel Arabic dataset with an extended 14-topic class set covering modern books from social sciences and humanities along with newspaper articles, and (ii) a set of topic classifiers built from it. We finetuned an open LLM model to build ArGTClass. We compared its performance against the best models built with Vertex AI (Google), AutoML(H2O), and AutoTrain(HuggingFace). ArGTClass outperformed the VertexAi and AutoML models and was reasonably similar to the AutoTrain model.

The Differential Analysis Visualizer for Electronic Medical Records (DAVE) is a tool that utilizes natural language processing and machine learning to help visualize diagnostic algorithms in real-time to help support medical professionals in their clinical decision-making process

This paper presents two-fold contributions: a full revision of the Palestinian morphologically annotated corpus (Curras), and a newly annotated Lebanese corpus (Baladi). Both corpora can be used as a more general Levantine corpus. Baladi consists of around 9.6K morphologically annotated tokens. Each token was manually annotated with several morphological features and using LDC’s SAMA lemmas and tags. The inter-annotator evaluation on most features illustrates 78.5% Kappa and 90.1% F1-Score. Curras was revised by refining all annotations for accuracy, normalization and unification of POS tags, and linking with SAMA lemmas. This revision was also important to ensure that both corpora are compatible and can help to bridge the nuanced linguistic gaps that exist between the two highly mutually intelligible dialects. Both corpora are publicly available through a web portal.