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Double act
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This article is about comedy duos. For the children's book, see Double Act (novel).
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)
A double act, also known as a comedy duo, is a comic pairing in which humor is derived from the uneven relationship between two partners, usually of the same gender, age, ethnic origin and profession, but drastically different personalities or behavior. Often one of the duo members, the straight man, feed, dead wood, or stooge is portrayed as reasonable and serious, and the other one, the funny man or comic is portrayed as funny, less educated or less intelligent, silly, or unorthodox. When a woman is in the "funny man" role, she is more often referred to as a comic foil. The term feed comes from the way a straight man will set up jokes foror "feed" them totheir partner.
Despite the names given to the roles, the "straight man" need not necessarily be humorless, and it is not always the comic who provides the act's humor. Sometimes, it is the straight man who gets the laughs through his or her sarcastic reactions to the comic's antics, as was often the case with Stewart Lee's deadpan, reasoned reactions to Richard Herring's more ridiculous antics in their pairing. Where the "straight man" serves no personal comic purpose but acts as a device to make the "comic" look good, they are known as a "Stooge". This is sometimes considered a derogatory term. Most often, however, the humor in a double act comes from the way the two personalities play off each other rather than the individuals themselves; in many successful acts the roles are interchangeable.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early development
1.2 1940s-1960s
1.3 1970s
1.4 1980s
1.5 1990sCpresent day
2 United Kingdom
2.1 Sitcoms
3 U.S. and Canada
4 Japan
5 Germany
6 Comic pairs compared
7 Interchangeable roles
8 Notes
[edit] History
[edit] Early development
Gallagher and Shean, a popular vaudeville act of the 1920s
The template for the modern double act began in the British music halls and the American vaudeville scene of the late nineteenth century. Here, the "straight man" was a necessity as he would repeat the lines of the "comic". This was done simply because the audience would be noisy, and repeating the joke gave the audience a fighting chance of hearing the joke and the comedians a fighting chance of getting a good reaction. Soon the dynamic developed so that the "straight man" became a more integral part of the act, setting up jokes that the comic could then deliver the "punchline" to. At various stages, acts such as George Burns and Gracie Allen (who, unlike their more recognizable incarnation on television and in films, operated with Burns as the comic), Abbott and Costello, Flanagan and Allen, Gallagher and Shean and Smith and Dale were all popular draws. The dynamic continued to develop, with Abbott and Costello using a modern and recognizable formula in routines such as Who's On First? in the 1930s and Flanagan and Allen using "cross talking".
Though Vaudeville would last well into the 1930s, its popularity began to wane due to the gradual rise of motion pictures and some acts disappeared, having failed to survive the transition to movies. By the 1920s, double acts were beginning to attract worldwide fame more readily through the silent era. However, due to the obvious restrictions, the comedy was not derived from "cross talk" or clever verbal exchanges, but through slapstick routines and the actions of the characters. The first double act to gain worldwide fame through film was Laurel and Hardy. Before meeting the pair had never worked together on stage (they did as of 1940), though both had worked in vaudevilleStan Laurel with Charlie Chaplin as part of Fred Karno's Army and Oliver Hardy as a singer. Laurel could loosely be described as the comic, though the pair were one of the first not to fit the mold in the way that many double acts do, with both taking a fairly equal share of the laughs. The pair first worked together as a double act in the 1927 film Duck Soup. Laurel and Hardy adapted well to silent films, both being skilled at slapstick, and their non-verbal interplay with each other and the audience became famousLaurel's cry and Hardy's downtrodden glances to the camera whenever something went wrongand were carried over to their later talkies. Indeed, they were one of the few silent acts who made a very successful transition to spoken word pictures in the 1930s, showing themselves to be equally adept at verbal wordplay.
[edit] 1940s-1960s
1940 saw Laurel and Hardy released Saps at Sea, their final film for long term producer and collaborator Hal Roach. From here, their popularity began to decline. However, in 1940s America the double act remained a cinema draw, developing into the "buddy movie" genre with 1940 seeing Abbott and Costello making the transition from stage to screen and the first of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby's Road to... series. Further acts would soon follow; for example, the first pairing of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis occurred in 1946. The genre has continued to exist in cinema, while also making a successful transition to radio and later television via The Smothers Brothers and Rowan and Martin's Laugh In.
In Britain, double acts would remain confined to theatres and radio until the late 1950s when double acts such as Morecambe and Wise and Mike and Bernie Winters slowly began the transition to television on variety programmes such as Sunday Night at the London Palladium. It was not until the mid-to-late 60s that these acts truly came into their own. When Morecambe and Wise teamed up with writer Eddie Braben they began to re-define what was meant by a double act, with Wise, the straight man, being developed into a comic character in his own right. They provided the link between music hall and modern comedy for double acts.[1] As the two leading double acts of the day, Morecambe and Wise and the Winters brothers enjoyed a playful rivalry C the Winters themselves mocked the slight edge Morecambe and Wise had over them in popularity, while Morecambe, when asked what he and Wise would have been if not comedians, replied "Mike and Bernie Winters".
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the traditional formula was shunned by The Two Ronnies, who completely dispensed with the need for a "straight man", and Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, two Oxbridge-educated comedians who used the double act to deliver satire and edgy comedy.
[edit] 1970s
Light entertainment in Britain in the 1970s was dominated by Morecambe and Wise, who enjoyed very impressive ratings, especially on their Christmas Specials. Although Mike and Bernie Winters' popularity declined, The Two Ronnies' success grew greatly, while Peter Cook and Dudley Moore sporadically produced acclaimed work, in particular their controversial recordings as Derek and Clive from 1976-1978.
The mid to late 1970s saw a resurgence in American double acts. Blazing Saddles (1974) featured a memorable performance between Mel Brooks and Harvey Korman (who would team up again in Brooks' 1981 follow-up History of the World, Part I). Saturday Night Live, first broadcast in 1975, provided a group of comedians who were prepared to appear with each other in sketches as double acts, and has continued to do so. In particular, it was here that Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi honed their characters The Blues Brothers, who would soon be propelled to fame in the 1980 buddy movie of the same name. Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor also embarked on a string of successful buddy films in the 1970s. Cheech & Chong also gained massive popularity during this time.
Occasionally the straight-man/funny-man dynamic would appear in contexts unexpected and between characters not normally thought of as comics. This often appeared in the James T. Kirk (William Shatner) / Mr. Spock (Leonard Nimoy) relationship in several episodes of the original Star Trek series.
[edit] 1980s
Morecambe and Wise had dominated British light entertainment throughout the 1970s, but their presence had begun to wane in the early '80s. When Morecambe died moments after finishing a solo show in 1984 (his last words were 'I'm glad that's over'), arguably the best-loved double act in British comedy came to an end, and several new acts emerged. However, the two distinct groups could not have been more different.
In the wake of Not the Nine O'Clock News, The Young Ones and the breakthrough onto television of 'alternative comedy' came French and Saunders; Fry and Laurie; Rik Mayall and Ade Edmondson; Hale and Pace; and Smith and Jones. These edgier comics were more brash and crudecomedy's answer to punk rock.[1] They developed the satire and vulgarity of Peter Cook and Dudley Moore rather than the more gentle humour of Morecambe and Wise and The Two Ronnies. In fact, Smith and Jones showed blatant disregard for their predecessors, openly mocking the Two Ronnies (this may have been a factor in Ronnie Barker's decision to retire from comedy in the late 1980s.[1])
At the same time, however, Little and Large and Cannon and Ball also became enormously successful. Their acts relied heavily on the "straight man/comic" dynamic and used less controversial comedy born out of Northern workingmen's clubs. While the spirit of alternative comedy carried on into the 1990s, Cannon and Ball and Little and Large eventually disappeared from television screens.
[edit] 1990sCpresent day
The early 1990s saw comedy become "the new rock and roll"[1] in Britain and this was inherent in the work of Newman and Baddiel and Punt and Dennis on The Mary Whitehouse Experience. Newman and Baddiel in particular symbolised this rock and roll attitude by playing the biggest ever British comedy gig at Wembley Arena. However, with this came tension. Newman and Baddiel fell out with Punt and Dennis not wishing to share screen time with them, and then with each other. David Baddiel went on to form another successful double act with Frank Skinner.
The 1990s also saw the introduction of one of comedy's strangest yet most successful double acts in Reeves and Mortimer. They at the same time deconstructed light entertainment[1] and paid homage to many of the classic double acts (Vic Reeves would even do an Eric Morecambe impression on Vic Reeves Big Night Out). They simultaneously used very bizarre, idiosyncratic humour and traditional double act staples (in later years they became increasingly reliant on violent slapstick).
Another double act who emerged in the mid to late '90s were Lee & Herring, who combined a classic clash of personalities (downbeat and rational Lee contrasting with energetic, childish Herring) with very ironic, often satirical humour.
Also appearing in the latter half of the decade were Adam and Joe, whose low budget, self-produced Channel 4 series The Adam and Joe Show was a very sharp combination of TV and movie parodies and satirical looks at various elements of youth culture.
Indian cinema, also had its share of the double act, with Tamil cinema comedians Goundamani and Senthil, teaming up for several films throughout the decade.
However, most of the 2000s' most successful double acts take their inspiration from the odder strain of double-act comedy spearheaded by Reeves and Mortimer. Matt Lucas and David Walliams, who had previously worked with Reeves and Mortimer, also took inspiration from the Two Ronnies. The Mighty Boosh also played with the formula but essentially remained traditional at their roots. Another popular current light entertainment/presenting act is Ant and Dec, who are a very basic yet effective example of a double act.
[edit] United Kingdom
In its British form, the two actors would usually be composed of a "straight man" or "feed" and a "comic", the purpose of the feed being to set up jokes for the comic. This would rely heavily on comic timing.
Morecambe and Wise are arguably the quintessential British double act. They followed the traditional formula with Eric Morecambe as the comic and Ernie Wise as the feed. However, other British acts such as The Two Ronnies, Hale and Pace, Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson, Reeves and Mortimer, French and Saunders, Mitchell and Webb, Mel Smith and Griff Rhys Jones, Fry and Laurie, Lee and Herring, Armstrong and Miller, Peacock and Gamble, the role of "comic" and "straight man" are less obvious, largely interchangeable or dispensed with altogether. More obvious British examples of the comic-feed dynamic are Cannon and Ball, Little and Large or the children's entertainers The Chuckle Brothers, where the straight man acted largely as a humourless set up for the comic.
Peter Cook and Dudley Moore perhaps also deserve a mention as being the first double act to go against the grain, and turn their double act into a complex analysis of the two's relationship. In many of the sketches (especially the Pete and Dud exchanges) Cook played the domineering know-it-all (who knows nothing) and Moore the put-upon dimwit (who also knows nothing).
This dominance was accentuated by the difference in height between the two, and the speed of Cook's mind, which meant that he could ad-lib, and force Moore to corpse in a Pete and Dud dialogue, leaving him helpless to respond. As the partnership progressed into the often improvised Derek and Clive dialogues, these light-hearted attempts to make Moore laugh became, as a result of Cook's growing insecurity and alcoholism, aggressive attacks on the defenceless Moore. However, carrying on the tradition of going against the grain of traditional double acts, when the partnership dissolved in the late 1970s, it was Cook whose career stalled due to boredom, alcoholism and lack of ambition, while Moore went on to become one of Hollywood's most unlikely leading men.
[edit] Sitcoms
The double act has also become a popular theme in British sitcoms. One of the earliest examples of this was the relationship between Tony Hancock and Sid James in the Galton and Simpson series Hancock's Half Hour. James played a down-to-earth character while Hancock was pompous and had delusions of grandeur, and the comedy was derived from the two playing off of each other's characteristics.
A common trend in sitcoms is to place the double act in a situation where they are forced together through uncontrollable circumstance. In another Galton and Simpson production, Steptoe and Son, a son, with great ambition, was forced to live with his elderly, manipulative father as a rag and bone man. The comedy derives from the way the characters interact in their tempestuous relationship. The series also has more heart-rending moments as the son despairs at his inability to escape his needy, selfish, grasping father.
Porridge, saw "an habitual criminal", Fletcher (played by Ronnie Barker, already famous for his comedy partnership with Ronnie Corbett) and a young, naive first-time prisoner, Lennie Godber. The two would bicker but endured a relationship of mutual respect. Also, he formed a partnership with David Jason in Open All Hours (who was the straight man of the pair) who played Granville, while Barker played Arthur Arkwright. Many don't see this as a comedy duo but the straight man element coupled with Barker funny man antics on the show are still compressed into the script.
Rik Mayall and Ade Edmondson combined their success in sitcoms (The Young Ones) and as a double act (The Dangerous Brothers) in 1991 when they created Bottom. Their characters are a pair of sad, pathetic losers forced together by their mutual hopelessness. However, unlike earlier examples of such, the characters in Bottom absolutely hate each other, exacerbating their despair. This often leads to slapstick violence, such as hitting each other with frying pans. Mayall and Edmonson have said Bottom aimed to be more than just a series of toilet gags C it was meant to be a cruder cousin to plays like Waiting for Godot about the pointlessness of life.
Other popular double acts in British sitcoms include complex relationships involving status and superiority themes: in Dad's Army, the social climbing envy of Captain George Mainwaring, to his right hand man (Sergeant Arthur Wilson) who is of higher status than him; and in Red Dwarf, the working class everyman Dave Lister to the middle class but socially-awkward Arnold Rimmer. However, the most prominent double act is that of an intelligent person and his inferior sidekick, such as Basil and Manuel of Fawlty Towers, Blackadder and Baldrick of Blackadder, or Ted and Father Dougal of the Irish-British sitcom Father Ted.
In recent years, double acts as sitcoms appear to have gone full circle, as illustrated by the cult success of The Mighty Boosh. For the relationship between the two main characters this series uses a formula very similar to that between Sid and Tony in Hancock's Half Hour C that of a pompous character whose best friend can see right through him and brings him back down to earth. A similar dynamic is used in Peep Show in which the characters of Mitchell and Webb were adapted for the sitcom formula. However, in this case both characters suffer from pomposity; the difference between the pair is the laidback, cool arrogance (yet stupidity) of Jeremy and the intellectual arrogance (yet social-awkwardness) of Mark.
[edit] U.S. and Canada
In the United States and Canada, the tradition was more popular in the earlier part of the 20th century with vaudeville-derived acts such as Abbott and Costello, Burns and Allen, and Wheeler & Woolsey, and continuing into the television age with Martin and Lewis, Bob and Ray, the Smothers Brothers, Wayne and Shuster, Allen and Rossi, Jack Burns and Avery Schreiber, Rowan and Martin, Mike Nichols and Elaine May, the Wayans Brothers, and Shawn and Gus in Psych.
More recently, the idea has been largely supplanted by that of the "buddy movie" genre, which has introduced several notable comedy partnerships not formally billed as a single "act" in the traditional manner. The earliest example of such a team may have been Bob Hope and Bing Crosby; later examples include Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor, Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi, Mike Myers and Dana Carvey, David Spade and Chris Farley and child stars Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell. Based on the gag-man/straight-man concept, "Stoner" duos like Cheech and Chong, Jay & Silent Bob, and Harold and Kumar have also proven quite popular with audiences.
The double act format can also be used in presenting non-comedic information in an entertaining manner, such as the Savage/Hyneman pair of the Discovery Channel's MythBusters. From 2006-2010, Apple used the double act formula successfully in their popular series of I'm a Mac / And I'm a PC ads with John Hodgman and Justin Long.
[edit] Japan
Main article: manzai
In Japan the manzai tradition parallels that of the double although it is more formulaic. Here there is a distinguished straight man (tsukkomi) and funny man (boke) and the humor consists of quick jokes full of slapstick humor and social misunderstandings.
[edit] Germany
In Germany Tnnes and Sch?l (since 1803/1850s), two Cologne puppet theater characters, fit to the concept of fool and straight man.
During the Second World War Tran and Helle appeared in a number of short films to deter Germans from actions detrimental to Germany's war effort or security.
Between 1950 and 1980, the most popular comedy duo of East Germany, Herricht & Preil, ran a very successful double act, with Hans-Joachim Preil as the straight man and Rolf Herricht as the comic.
[edit] Comic pairs compared
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (January 2009)
Straight foil
Comic
Movie/Series
Krillin
Son Goku
Dragon Ball
Alan Harper
Walden Schmidt
Two and a Half Men
Leah Remini (as Carrie Heffernan)
Kevin James (as Doug Heffernan)
The King of Queens
Kevin James (as Doug Heffernan)
Jerry Stiller (as Arthur Spooner)
The King of Queens
Patton Oswalt (as Spence Olchin)
Gary Valentine (as Danny Heffernan)
The King of Queens
Lamont Sanford
Fred Sanford
Sanford and Son
Colin Lane
Frank Woodley
Lano & Woodley
Andy Lee
Hamish Blake
Hamish & Andy
Ronnie Barker
Ronnie Corbett
The Two Ronnies
Moe Howard
Curly Howard
The Three Stooges
Leonard Hofstadter
Sheldon Cooper
The Big Bang Theory
Bud Abbott
Lou Costello
Abbott and Costello
Edmund Blackadder
Baldrick
Blackadder
Desi Arnaz (as Ricky Ricardo)
Lucille Ball (as Lucy Ricardo)
I Love Lucy
Julian Barratt (as Howard Moon)
Noel Fielding (as Vince Noir)
The Mighty Boosh
Sonny Bono
Cher
Sonny and Cher
George Burns
Gracie Allen
The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show
Paul Schrier (as Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier)
Jason Narvy (as Eugene "Skull" Skullovitch)
Power Rangers
Tommy Cannon
Bobby Ball
Cannon and Ball
Harold Lee
Kumar Patel
Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle; Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay
Adam Baldwin
Zachary Levi
Chuck
Ted Mosby
Barney Stinson
How I Met Your Mother
Bing Crosby
Bob Hope
Road to...
Geraldine Granger
Alice Horton
The Vicar of Dibley (interchangeable in rare cases)
Kyle Gass
Jack Black
Tenacious D
Andy Griffith (as Sheriff Andy Taylor)
Don Knotts (as Barney Fife)
The Andy Griffith Show
Brian O'Halloran (as Dante Hicks)
Jeff Anderson (as Randal Graves)
Clerks
Cheryl Hines
Larry David
Curb Your Enthusiasm
Larry Appleton
Balki Bartokomous
Perfect Strangers
Richard Karn (as Al Borland)
Tim Allen (as Tim Taylor)
Home Improvement
Carl Winslow
Steve Urkel
Family Matters
Alice Kramden
Ralph Kramden
The Honeymooners
Stewart Lee
Richard Herring
Syd Little
Eddie Large
Little and Large
Dean Martin
Jerry Lewis
Martin and Lewis
Margaret Dumont
Groucho Marx
Marx Brothers
Chico Marx
Harpo Marx
Marx Brothers
James Avery (as Philip Banks)
Will Smith (as Will Smith)
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Jerry Seinfeld (as Jerry Seinfeld)
Michael Richards (as Cosmo Kramer)
Seinfeld
Robert Barone
Ray Barone
Everybody Loves Raymond
Bob Newhart
Suzanne Pleshette
The Bob Newhart Show
Spencer Rice
Kenny Hotz
Kenny vs Spenny
Dan Rowan
Dick Martin
Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
David Shatraw (as Tommy Shafter)
Christopher Titus, Zack Ward (as Dave Scouvel)
Titus
Kevin Smith (as Silent Bob)
Jason Mewes (as Jay)
View Askewniverse
David Spade
Chris Farley
Saturday Night Live, Tommy Boy, Black Sheep
Dick Smothers
Tom Smothers
The Smothers Brothers
Teller
Penn Jillette
Penn and Teller
Ronnie Williams
Ryan Davies
Kenan Thompson
Kel Mitchell
Kenan and Kel
Mike Winters
Bernie Winters
Mike and Bernie Winters
Ernie Wise
Eric Morecambe
Morecambe and Wise
Senthil
Goundamani
Burton Guster
Shawn Spencer
Psych
Kyle Broflovski
Eric Cartman
South Park
Matthew Broderick
Nathan Lane
The Producers
Bud Spencer
Terence Hill
They Call Me Trinity
Trinity is Still My Name
Troublemakers
Malcolm Jamal Warner
Eddie Griffin
Malcolm & Eddie
Shawn Wayans
Marlon Wayans
The Wayans Bros.
Little Man
Mindy McConnell
Mork
Mork & Mindy
Dwight Schrute
Jim Halpert
The Office
Belldandy
Urd and Skuld
Oh My Goddess!
Mitchell Pritchett
Cameron Tucker
Modern Family
Drake Parker
Josh Nichols
Drake & Josh
Bob Mortimer
Vic Reeves
Shooting Stars
Cartoons
Archie Andrews
Jughead Jones
Archie comics
Brian Griffin
Stewie Griffin
Family Guy
Bugs Bunny
Daffy Duck
Looney Tunes
Mickey Mouse
Donald Duck
Various Disney cartoons
Dudley Puppy
Kitty Katswell
T.U.F.F. Puppy
The Brain
Pinky
Pinky and the Brain
Zim
Gir
"Invader Zim"
Stitch
Mo
Horrible Histories (TV Series) (interchangeable in rare cases)
Abe Lincoln
Gandhi
Clone High
Arthur Read
Buster Baxter
Arthur Arthur (TV Series), particularly the earlier seasons.
Chip
Dale
Various Disney cartoons
Asterix
Obelix
Asterix
Johan
Peewit
Johan and Peewit
Puppets
Bert
Ernie
Sesame Street (interchangeable in rare cases)
Dr Bunsen Honeydew
Beaker
The Muppets
Fozzie Bear
The Snowman
A Muppet Family Christmas
Rod
Nicky
Avenue Q (interchangeable in rare cases)
Zag
Zig
Zig and Zag
Sooty
Sweep
The Sooty Show
Sooty & Co.
Sooty Heights
Sooty
Web Original
Jake Hurwitz
Amir Blumenfeld
Jake and Amir
MusclesGlasses
Harley Morenstein
Epic Meal Time
Anthony Padilla
Ian Hecox
Smosh
Ryan Higa
Kevin Wu
Nigahiga (Best Crew)
[edit] Interchangeable roles
Double acts who do not use the "Straight Man/Funny Man" dynamic or whose roles are interchangeable:
A Pair of Nuts: The Comedy Duo
Adrian Edmondson & Rik Mayall
Alexander Armstrong and Ben Miller
Ant McPartlin & Declan Donnelly
Atlas & P-Body (Portal 2)
Beavis and Butt-head
Cheech and Chong
Colin Mochrie & Ryan Stiles
Dan Aykroyd & John Belushi
Baddiel and Skinner
Flight of the Conchords
French and Saunders
Fry and Laurie
Gallagher and Shean
Hale and Pace
James Franco and Seth Rogen in Pineapple Express (film)
Joey Tribbiani and Chandler Bing
CJ & Mahalik (in Scary Movie 3 & 4)
Lloyd Christmas & Harry Dunne
Tim Heidecker & Eric Wareheim
Mel Smith & Griff Rhys Jones
Mitchell and Webb
Newman and Baddiel
Pinky and the Brain
Raymond Barone and Debra Barone
Ray Peacock and Ed Gamble
Randy and Jason Sklar
Rod Brasfield & Minnie Pearl
Roy and HG
Simon Pegg & Nick Frost
Smith and Dale
Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy
Willy Clark and Al Lewis
Terrance and Phillip
Vic and Bob
Zachary Levi and Joshua Gomez
[edit] Notes
^ a b c d e The Story Of Light Entertainment: Double Acts, BBC 2, 9pm, 22 July 2006
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