@inproceedings{li-etal-2025-exploring-multilingual,
    title = "Exploring Multilingual Probing in Large Language Models: A Cross-Language Analysis",
    author = "Li, Daoyang  and
      Zhao, Haiyan  and
      Zeng, Qingcheng  and
      Du, Mengnan",
    editor = "Fei, Hao  and
      Tu, Kewei  and
      Zhang, Yuhui  and
      Hu, Xiang  and
      Han, Wenjuan  and
      Jia, Zixia  and
      Zheng, Zilong  and
      Cao, Yixin  and
      Zhang, Meishan  and
      Lu, Wei  and
      Siddharth, N.  and
      {\O}vrelid, Lilja  and
      Xue, Nianwen  and
      Zhang, Yue",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Joint Workshop on Large Language Models and Structure Modeling (XLLM 2025)",
    month = aug,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Vienna, Austria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/landing_page/2025.xllm-1.7/",
    pages = "61--70",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-286-2",
    abstract = "Probing techniques for large language models (LLMs) have primarily focused on English, overlooking the vast majority of other world{'}s languages. In this paper, we extend these probing methods to a multilingual context, investigating how LLMs encode linguistic structures across diverse languages. We conduct experiments on several open-source LLM models, analyzing probing accuracy, trends across layers, and similarities between probing vectors for multiple languages. Our key findings reveal: (1) a consistent performance gap between high-resource and low-resource languages, with high-resource languages achieving significantly higher probing accuracy; (2) divergent layer-wise accuracy trends, where high-resource languages show substantial improvement in deeper layers similar to English; and (3) higher representational similarities among high-resource languages, with low-resource languages demonstrating lower similarities both among themselves and with high-resource languages. These results provide insights into how linguistic structures are represented differently across languages in LLMs and emphasize the need for improved structure modeling for low-resource languages."
}