@inproceedings{qiu-etal-2019-graph,
    title = "Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning for Natural Language Understanding",
    author = "Qiu, Zimeng  and
      Cho, Eunah  and
      Ma, Xiaochun  and
      Campbell, William",
    editor = "Ustalov, Dmitry  and
      Somasundaran, Swapna  and
      Jansen, Peter  and
      Glava{\v{s}}, Goran  and
      Riedl, Martin  and
      Surdeanu, Mihai  and
      Vazirgiannis, Michalis",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing (TextGraphs-13)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Hong Kong",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/iwcs-25-ingestion/D19-5318/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D19-5318",
    pages = "151--158",
    abstract = "Semi-supervised learning is an efficient method to augment training data automatically from unlabeled data. Development of many natural language understanding (NLU) applications has a challenge where unlabeled data is relatively abundant while labeled data is rather limited. In this work, we propose transductive graph-based semi-supervised learning models as well as their inductive variants for NLU. We evaluate the approach{'}s applicability using publicly available NLU data and models. In order to find similar utterances and construct a graph, we use a paraphrase detection model. Results show that applying the inductive graph-based semi-supervised learning can improve the error rate of the NLU model by 5{\%}."
}