Aleksandr Drozd


2022

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Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Insights from Negative Results in NLP
Shabnam Tafreshi | João Sedoc | Anna Rogers | Aleksandr Drozd | Anna Rumshisky | Arjun Akula
Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Insights from Negative Results in NLP

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Outlier Dimensions that Disrupt Transformers are Driven by Frequency
Giovanni Puccetti | Anna Rogers | Aleksandr Drozd | Felice Dell’Orletta
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022

While Transformer-based language models are generally very robust to pruning, there is the recently discovered outlier phenomenon: disabling only 48 out of 110M parameters in BERT-base drops its performance by nearly 30% on MNLI. We replicate the original evidence for the outlier phenomenon and we link it to the geometry of the embedding space. We find that in both BERT and RoBERTa the magnitude of hidden state coefficients corresponding to outlier dimensions correlate with the frequencies of encoded tokens in pre-training data, and they also contribute to the “vertical” self-attention pattern enabling the model to focus on the special tokens. This explains the drop in performance from disabling the outliers, and it suggests that to decrease anisotopicity in future models we need pre-training schemas that would better take into account the skewed token distributions.

2021

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Generalization in NLI: Ways (Not) To Go Beyond Simple Heuristics
Prajjwal Bhargava | Aleksandr Drozd | Anna Rogers
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Insights from Negative Results in NLP

Much of recent progress in NLU was shown to be due to models’ learning dataset-specific heuristics. We conduct a case study of generalization in NLI (from MNLI to the adversarially constructed HANS dataset) in a range of BERT-based architectures (adapters, Siamese Transformers, HEX debiasing), as well as with subsampling the data and increasing the model size. We report 2 successful and 3 unsuccessful strategies, all providing insights into how Transformer-based models learn to generalize.

2019

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Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for NLP
Anna Rogers | Aleksandr Drozd | Anna Rumshisky | Yoav Goldberg
Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Evaluating Vector Space Representations for NLP

2018

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Subword-level Composition Functions for Learning Word Embeddings
Bofang Li | Aleksandr Drozd | Tao Liu | Xiaoyong Du
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Subword/Character LEvel Models

Subword-level information is crucial for capturing the meaning and morphology of words, especially for out-of-vocabulary entries. We propose CNN- and RNN-based subword-level composition functions for learning word embeddings, and systematically compare them with popular word-level and subword-level models (Skip-Gram and FastText). Additionally, we propose a hybrid training scheme in which a pure subword-level model is trained jointly with a conventional word-level embedding model based on lookup-tables. This increases the fitness of all types of subword-level word embeddings; the word-level embeddings can be discarded after training, leaving only compact subword-level representation with much smaller data volume. We evaluate these embeddings on a set of intrinsic and extrinsic tasks, showing that subword-level models have advantage on tasks related to morphology and datasets with high OOV rate, and can be combined with other types of embeddings.

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Subcharacter Information in Japanese Embeddings: When Is It Worth It?
Marzena Karpinska | Bofang Li | Anna Rogers | Aleksandr Drozd
Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic Structure in Neural Architectures for NLP

Languages with logographic writing systems present a difficulty for traditional character-level models. Leveraging the subcharacter information was recently shown to be beneficial for a number of intrinsic and extrinsic tasks in Chinese. We examine whether the same strategies could be applied for Japanese, and contribute a new analogy dataset for this language.

2017

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Investigating Different Syntactic Context Types and Context Representations for Learning Word Embeddings
Bofang Li | Tao Liu | Zhe Zhao | Buzhou Tang | Aleksandr Drozd | Anna Rogers | Xiaoyong Du
Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

The number of word embedding models is growing every year. Most of them are based on the co-occurrence information of words and their contexts. However, it is still an open question what is the best definition of context. We provide a systematical investigation of 4 different syntactic context types and context representations for learning word embeddings. Comprehensive experiments are conducted to evaluate their effectiveness on 6 extrinsic and intrinsic tasks. We hope that this paper, along with the published code, would be helpful for choosing the best context type and representation for a given task.

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The (too Many) Problems of Analogical Reasoning with Word Vectors
Anna Rogers | Aleksandr Drozd | Bofang Li
Proceedings of the 6th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2017)

This paper explores the possibilities of analogical reasoning with vector space models. Given two pairs of words with the same relation (e.g. man:woman :: king:queen), it was proposed that the offset between one pair of the corresponding word vectors can be used to identify the unknown member of the other pair (king - man + woman = queen). We argue against such “linguistic regularities” as a model for linguistic relations in vector space models and as a benchmark, and we show that the vector offset (as well as two other, better-performing methods) suffers from dependence on vector similarity.

2016

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Analogy-based detection of morphological and semantic relations with word embeddings: what works and what doesn’t.
Anna Gladkova | Aleksandr Drozd | Satoshi Matsuoka
Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop

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Intrinsic Evaluations of Word Embeddings: What Can We Do Better?
Anna Gladkova | Aleksandr Drozd
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for NLP

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Word Embeddings, Analogies, and Machine Learning: Beyond king - man + woman = queen
Aleksandr Drozd | Anna Gladkova | Satoshi Matsuoka
Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers

Solving word analogies became one of the most popular benchmarks for word embeddings on the assumption that linear relations between word pairs (such as king:man :: woman:queen) are indicative of the quality of the embedding. We question this assumption by showing that the information not detected by linear offset may still be recoverable by a more sophisticated search method, and thus is actually encoded in the embedding. The general problem with linear offset is its sensitivity to the idiosyncrasies of individual words. We show that simple averaging over multiple word pairs improves over the state-of-the-art. A further improvement in accuracy (up to 30% for some embeddings and relations) is achieved by combining cosine similarity with an estimation of the extent to which a candidate answer belongs to the correct word class. In addition to this practical contribution, this work highlights the problem of the interaction between word embeddings and analogy retrieval algorithms, and its implications for the evaluation of word embeddings and the use of analogies in extrinsic tasks.