@inproceedings{muhammad-etal-2026-counterspeech,
    title = "Counterspeech Generation using Small Language Models",
    author = "Muhammad, Abubakar Sadiq  and
      Frenda, Simona  and
      Abercrombie, Gavin",
    editor = "T.Y.S.S., Santosh  and
      Rodriguez, Juan Diego  and
      de Gibert, Ona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics (Volume 4: Student Research Workshop)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2026",
    address = "San Diego, California, United States",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingestion-form-platform/2026.acl-srw.52/",
    pages = "581--594",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-393-7",
    abstract = "Counterspeech offers a way to tackle harmful content online without restricting freedom of expression. This work explores counterspeech generation using small language models (SLMs) as lightweight and cost-effective alternatives to large language models. We evaluate SLMs ranging from 100 million to 3 billion parameters using simple prompting strategies as well as fine-tuning, combining automatic and robust human evaluations. Our findings demonstrate that small language models can generate relevant, coherent, and high-quality counterspeech, suggesting their potential suitability for efficient and responsible deployments."
}