Edward Choi


2023

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Open-WikiTable : Dataset for Open Domain Question Answering with Complex Reasoning over Table
Sunjun Kweon | Yeonsu Kwon | Seonhee Cho | Yohan Jo | Edward Choi
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023

Despite recent interest in open domain question answering (ODQA) over tables, many studies still rely on datasets that are not truly optimal for the task with respect to utilizing structural nature of table. These datasets assume answers reside as a single cell value and do not necessitate exploring over multiple cells such as aggregation, comparison, and sorting. Thus, we release Open-WikiTable, the first ODQA dataset that requires complex reasoning over tables. Open-WikiTable is built upon WikiSQL and WikiTableQuestions to be applicable in the open-domain setting. As each question is coupled with both textual answers and SQL queries, Open-WikiTable opens up a wide range of possibilities for future research, as both reader and parser methods can be applied. The dataset is publicly available.

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KG-GPT: A General Framework for Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs Using Large Language Models
Jiho Kim | Yeonsu Kwon | Yohan Jo | Edward Choi
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023

While large language models (LLMs) have made considerable advancements in understanding and generating unstructured text, their application in structured data remains underexplored. Particularly, using LLMs for complex reasoning tasks on knowledge graphs (KGs) remains largely untouched. To address this, we propose KG-GPT, a multi-purpose framework leveraging LLMs for tasks employing KGs. KG-GPT comprises three steps: Sentence Segmentation, Graph Retrieval, and Inference, each aimed at partitioning sentences, retrieving relevant graph components, and deriving logical conclusions, respectively. We evaluate KG-GPT using KG-based fact verification and KGQA benchmarks, with the model showing competitive and robust performance, even outperforming several fully-supervised models. Our work, therefore, marks a significant step in unifying structured and unstructured data processing within the realm of LLMs.

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FactKG: Fact Verification via Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs
Jiho Kim | Sungjin Park | Yeonsu Kwon | Yohan Jo | James Thorne | Edward Choi
Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)

In real world applications, knowledge graphs (KG) are widely used in various domains (e.g. medical applications and dialogue agents). However, for fact verification, KGs have not been adequately utilized as a knowledge source. KGs can be a valuable knowledge source in fact verification due to their reliability and broad applicability. A KG consists of nodes and edges which makes it clear how concepts are linked together, allowing machines to reason over chains of topics. However, there are many challenges in understanding how these machine-readable concepts map to information in text. To enable the community to better use KGs, we introduce a new dataset, FactKG: Fact Verificationvia Reasoning on Knowledge Graphs. It consists of 108k natural language claims with five types of reasoning: One-hop, Conjunction, Existence, Multi-hop, and Negation. Furthermore, FactKG contains various linguistic patterns, including colloquial style claims as well as written style claims to increase practicality. Lastly, we develop a baseline approach and analyze FactKG over these reasoning types. We believe FactKG can advance both reliability and practicality in KG-based fact verification.

2022

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Do Language Models Understand Measurements?
Sungjin Park | Seungwoo Ryu | Edward Choi
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022

Recent success of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has stimulated interest in their ability to understand and work with numbers. Yet, the numerical reasoning over measurements has not been formally studied despite their importance. In this study, we show that PLMs lack the capability required for reasoning over measurements. Furthermore, we find that a language model trained on a measurement-rich corpus shows better performance on understanding measurements. We propose a simple embedding strategy to better distinguish between numbers and units, which leads to a significant improvement in the probing tasks.

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Rethinking Style Transformer with Energy-based Interpretation: Adversarial Unsupervised Style Transfer using a Pretrained Model
Hojun Cho | Dohee Kim | Seungwoo Ryu | ChaeHun Park | Hyungjong Noh | Jeong-in Hwang | Minseok Choi | Edward Choi | Jaegul Choo
Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

Style control, content preservation, and fluency determine the quality of text style transfer models. To train on a nonparallel corpus, several existing approaches aim to deceive the style discriminator with an adversarial loss. However, adversarial training significantly degrades fluency compared to the other two metrics. In this work, we explain this phenomenon using energy-based interpretation, and leverage a pretrained language model to improve fluency. Specifically, we propose a novel approach which applies the pretrained language model to the text style transfer framework by restructuring the discriminator and the model itself, allowing the generator and the discriminator to also take advantage of the power of the pretrained model. We evaluated our model on three public benchmarks GYAFC, Amazon, and Yelp and achieved state-of-the-art performance on the overall metrics.

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Specializing Multi-domain NMT via Penalizing Low Mutual Information
Jiyoung Lee | Hantae Kim | Hyunchang Cho | Edward Choi | Cheonbok Park
Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing

Multi-domain Neural Machine Translation (NMT) trains a single model with multiple domains. It is appealing because of its efficacy in handling multiple domains within one model. An ideal multi-domain NMT learns distinctive domain characteristics simultaneously, however, grasping the domain peculiarity is a non-trivial task. In this paper, we investigate domain-specific information through the lens of mutual information (MI) and propose a new objective that penalizes low MI to become higher.Our method achieved the state-of-the-art performance among the current competitive multi-domain NMT models. Also, we show our objective promotes low MI to be higher resulting in domain-specialized multi-domain NMT.

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Reweighting Strategy Based on Synthetic Data Identification for Sentence Similarity
TaeHee Kim | ChaeHun Park | Jimin Hong | Radhika Dua | Edward Choi | Jaegul Choo
Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics

Semantically meaningful sentence embeddings are important for numerous tasks in natural language processing. To obtain such embeddings, recent studies explored the idea of utilizing synthetically generated data from pretrained language models(PLMs) as a training corpus. However, PLMs often generate sentences different from the ones written by human. We hypothesize that treating all these synthetic examples equally for training can have an adverse effect on learning semantically meaningful embeddings. To analyze this, we first train a classifier that identifies machine-written sentences and observe that the linguistic features of the sentences identified as written by a machine are significantly different from those of human-written sentences. Based on this, we propose a novel approach that first trains the classifier to measure the importance of each sentence. The distilled information from the classifier is then used to train a reliable sentence embedding model. Through extensive evaluation on four real-world datasets, we demonstrate that our model trained on synthetic data generalizes well and outperforms the baselines.

2021

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Improving Lexically Constrained Neural Machine Translation with Source-Conditioned Masked Span Prediction
Gyubok Lee | Seongjun Yang | Edward Choi
Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)

Accurate terminology translation is crucial for ensuring the practicality and reliability of neural machine translation (NMT) systems. To address this, lexically constrained NMT explores various methods to ensure pre-specified words and phrases appear in the translation output. However, in many cases, those methods are studied on general domain corpora, where the terms are mostly uni- and bi-grams (>98%). In this paper, we instead tackle a more challenging setup consisting of domain-specific corpora with much longer n-gram and highly specialized terms. Inspired by the recent success of masked span prediction models, we propose a simple and effective training strategy that achieves consistent improvements on both terminology and sentence-level translation for three domain-specific corpora in two language pairs.

2019

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Clinical Concept Extraction for Document-Level Coding
Sarah Wiegreffe | Edward Choi | Sherry Yan | Jimeng Sun | Jacob Eisenstein
Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task

The text of clinical notes can be a valuable source of patient information and clinical assessments. Historically, the primary approach for exploiting clinical notes has been information extraction: linking spans of text to concepts in a detailed domain ontology. However, recent work has demonstrated the potential of supervised machine learning to extract document-level codes directly from the raw text of clinical notes. We propose to bridge the gap between the two approaches with two novel syntheses: (1) treating extracted concepts as features, which are used to supplement or replace the text of the note; (2) treating extracted concepts as labels, which are used to learn a better representation of the text. Unfortunately, the resulting concepts do not yield performance gains on the document-level clinical coding task. We explore possible explanations and future research directions.

2014

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Balanced Korean Word Spacing with Structural SVM
Changki Lee | Edward Choi | Hyunki Kim
Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)