@article{wang-etal-2025-adversarial-defense,
    title = "Adversarial Defense without Adversarial Defense: Enhancing Language Model Robustness via Instance-level Principal Component Removal",
    author = "Wang, Yang  and
      Xiao, Chenghao  and
      Li, Yizhi  and
      Middleton, Stuart E.  and
      Al Moubayed, Noura  and
      Lin, Chenghua",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "13",
    year = "2025",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "MIT Press",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest_mitpress_2026/2025.tacl-1.63/",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl.a.43",
    pages = "1381--1409",
    abstract = "Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have driven substantial progress in natural language processing but remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks, raising concerns about their robustness in real-world applications. Previous studies have sought to mitigate the impact of adversarial attacks by introducing adversarial perturbations into the training process, either implicitly or explicitly. While both strategies enhance robustness, they often incur high computational costs. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective add-on module that enhances the adversarial robustness of PLMs by removing instance-level principal components, without relying on conventional adversarial defenses or perturbing the original training data. Our approach transforms the embedding space to approximate Gaussian properties, thereby reducing its susceptibility to adversarial perturbations while preserving semantic relationships. This transformation aligns embedding distributions in a way that minimizes the impact of adversarial noise on decision boundaries, enhancing robustness without requiring adversarial examples or costly training-time augmentation. Evaluations on eight benchmark datasets show that our approach improves adversarial robustness while maintaining comparable before-attack accuracy to baselines, achieving a balanced trade-off between robustness and generalization."
}