% Use this file for citations not found in the ACL Anthology (contained in "anthology.bib").

@misc{thomas2026semeval2026task6clarity,
      title={{SemEval-2026 Task 6: CLARITY -- Unmasking Political Question Evasions}}, 
      author={Konstantinos Thomas and Giorgos Filandrianos and Maria Lymperaiou and Chrysoula Zerva and Giorgos Stamou},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2603.14027},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.14027}
}

@article{RASIAH2010664,
  title   = {{A Framework for the Systematic Analysis of Evasion in Parliamentary Discourse}},
journal = {Journal of Pragmatics},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {664-680},
year = {2010},
issn = {0378-2166},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.07.010},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216609001866},
author = {Parameswary Rasiah},
keywords = {Question Time, Parliamentary questions, Responses, Evasion, Agenda shifts},
abstract = {Evasion (equivocation) has been identified as a matter of concern in political interviews, but no systematic study has been undertaken in the context of parliamentary discourse, notably Question Time, anywhere in the world. This study applies and adapts various approaches on how politicians ‘resist’ answering questions, all of which are based on political news interviews, to the study of evasion in parliamentary discourse. A comprehensive, unified framework for the analysis of evasion is described, a decision flow-chart for the framework is provided, and an illustrative example of the applied framework is given based on Australia's Question Time. It involved the classification of responses as ‘answers’, ‘intermediate responses’, and ‘evasions’ based on specific criteria. Responses which were considered evasions were further analysed to determine the levels of evasion, whether they were covert or overt in nature and the types of ‘agenda shifts’ that occurred, if any. The corpus investigated consists of Australia's House of Representatives’ Question Time transcripts, for the months of February and March 2003, on the specific issue of Iraq. The study provides empirical evidence that evasion does occur during parliamentary Question Time.}
}

@book{bull2003,
  author    = {Bull, Peter},
  title     = {The Microanalysis of Political Communication: Claptrap and Ambiguity},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  year      = {2003}
}
@inproceedings{thomas-etal-2024-never,
    title     = "{``I Never Said That'': A Dataset, Taxonomy and Baselines on Response Clarity Classification}",
    author = "Thomas, Konstantinos  and
      Filandrianos, Giorgos  and
      Lymperaiou, Maria  and
      Zerva, Chrysoula  and
      Stamou, Giorgos",
    editor = "Al-Onaizan, Yaser  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP 2024)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Miami, Florida, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-emnlp.300/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.findings-emnlp.300",
    pages = "5204--5233",
}

@misc{schulhoff2025promptreportsystematicsurvey,
      title={{The Prompt Report: A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering Techniques}}, 
      author={Sander Schulhoff and Michael Ilie and Nishant Balepur and Konstantine Kahadze and Amanda Liu and Chenglei Si and Yinheng Li and Aayush Gupta and HyoJung Han and Sevien Schulhoff and Pranav Sandeep Dulepet and Saurav Vidyadhara and Dayeon Ki and Sweta Agrawal and Chau Pham and Gerson Kroiz and Feileen Li and Hudson Tao and Ashay Srivastava and Hevander Da Costa and Saloni Gupta and Megan L. Rogers and Inna Goncearenco and Giuseppe Sarli and Igor Galynker and Denis Peskoff and Marine Carpuat and Jules White and Shyamal Anadkat and Alexander Hoyle and Philip Resnik},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2406.06608},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.06608}, 
}

@inproceedings{xu-etal-2024-reading,
    title = {{Re-Reading Improves Reasoning in Large Language Models}},
    author = "Xu, Xiaohan  and
      Tao, Chongyang  and
      Shen, Tao  and
      Xu, Can  and
      Xu, Hongbo  and
      Long, Guodong  and
      Lou, Jian-Guang  and
      Ma, Shuai",
    editor = "Al-Onaizan, Yaser  and
      Bansal, Mohit  and
      Chen, Yun-Nung",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2024)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Miami, Florida, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.871/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.871",
    pages = "15549--15575",
    abstract = "To enhance the reasoning capabilities of off-the-shelf Large Language Models (LLMs), we introduce a simple, yet general and effective prompting method, RE2, i.e., Re-Reading the question as input. Unlike most thought-eliciting prompting methods, such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), which aim to elicit the reasoning process in the output, RE2 shifts the focus to the input by processing questions twice, thereby enhancing the understanding process. Consequently, RE2 demonstrates strong generality and compatibility with most thought-eliciting prompting methods, including CoT. Crucially, RE2 facilitates a ``bidirectional'' encoding in unidirectional decoder-only LLMs because the first pass could provide global information for the second pass. We begin with a preliminary empirical study as the foundation of RE2, illustrating its potential to enable ``bidirectional'' attention mechanisms. We then evaluate RE2 on extensive reasoning benchmarks across 14 datasets, spanning 112 experiments, to validate its effectiveness and generality. Our findings indicate that, with the exception of a few scenarios on vanilla ChatGPT, RE2 consistently enhances the reasoning performance of LLMs through a simple re-reading strategy. Further analyses reveal RE2{'}s adaptability, showing how it can be effectively integrated with different LLMs, thought-eliciting prompting, and ensemble strategies."
}

@inproceedings{NEURIPS2022_8bb0d291,
 author = {Kojima, Takeshi and Gu, Shixiang (Shane) and Reid, Machel and Matsuo, Yutaka and Iwasawa, Yusuke},
 booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
 editor = {S. Koyejo and S. Mohamed and A. Agarwal and D. Belgrave and K. Cho and A. Oh},
 pages = {22199--22213},
 publisher = {Curran Associates, Inc.},
 title = {{Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners}},
 url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2022/file/8bb0d291acd4acf06ef112099c16f326-Paper-Conference.pdf},
 volume = {35},
 year = {2022}
}



@misc{bercovich2025llamanemotronefficientreasoningmodels,
      title={{Llama-Nemotron: Efficient Reasoning Models}},
      author={Akhiad Bercovich and Itay Levy and Izik Golan and Mohammad Dabbah and Ran El-Yaniv and Omri Puny and Ido Galil and Zach Moshe and Tomer Ronen and Najeeb Nabwani and Ido Shahaf and Oren Tropp and Ehud Karpas and Ran Zilberstein and Jiaqi Zeng and Soumye Singhal and Alexander Bukharin and Yian Zhang and Tugrul Konuk and Gerald Shen and Ameya Sunil Mahabaleshwarkar and Bilal Kartal and Yoshi Suhara and Olivier Delalleau and Zijia Chen and Zhilin Wang and David Mosallanezhad and Adi Renduchintala and Haifeng Qian and Dima Rekesh and Fei Jia and Somshubra Majumdar and Vahid Noroozi and Wasi Uddin Ahmad and Sean Narenthiran and Aleksander Ficek and Mehrzad Samadi and Jocelyn Huang and Siddhartha Jain and Igor Gitman and Ivan Moshkov and Wei Du and Shubham Toshniwal and George Armstrong and Branislav Kisacanin and Matvei Novikov and Daria Gitman and Evelina Bakhturina and Prasoon Varshney and Makesh Narsimhan and Jane Polak Scowcroft and John Kamalu and Dan Su and Kezhi Kong and Markus Kliegl and Rabeeh Karimi Mahabadi and Ying Lin and Sanjeev Satheesh and Jupinder Parmar and Pritam Gundecha and Brandon Norick and Joseph Jennings and Shrimai Prabhumoye and Syeda Nahida Akter and Mostofa Patwary and Abhinav Khattar and Deepak Narayanan and Roger Waleffe and Jimmy Zhang and Bor-Yiing Su and Guyue Huang and Terry Kong and Parth Chadha and Sahil Jain and Christine Harvey and Elad Segal and Jining Huang and Sergey Kashirsky and Robert McQueen and Izzy Putterman and George Lam and Arun Venkatesan and Sherry Wu and Vinh Nguyen and Manoj Kilaru and Andrew Wang and Anna Warno and Abhilash Somasamudramath and Sandip Bhaskar and Maka Dong and Nave Assaf and Shahar Mor and Omer Ullman Argov and Scot Junkin and Oleksandr Romanenko and Pedro Larroy and Monika Katariya and Marco Rovinelli and Viji Balas and Nicholas Edelman and Anahita Bhiwandiwalla and Muthu Subramaniam and Smita Ithape and Karthik Ramamoorthy and Yuting Wu and Suguna Varshini Velury and Omri Almog and Joyjit Daw and Denys Fridman and Erick Galinkin and Michael Evans and Shaona Ghosh and Katherine Luna and Leon Derczynski and Nikki Pope and Eileen Long and Seth Schneider and Guillermo Siman and Tomasz Grzegorzek and Pablo Ribalta and Monika Katariya and Chris Alexiuk and Joey Conway and Trisha Saar and Ann Guan and Krzysztof Pawelec and Shyamala Prayaga and Oleksii Kuchaiev and Boris Ginsburg and Oluwatobi Olabiyi and Kari Briski and Jonathan Cohen and Bryan Catanzaro and Jonah Alben and Yonatan Geifman and Eric Chung},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2505.00949},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00949},
}


@misc{grattafiori2024llama3herdmodels,
      title={{The Llama 3 Herd of Models}}, 
      author={Aaron Grattafiori and Abhimanyu Dubey and Abhinav Jauhri and Abhinav Pandey and Abhishek Kadian and Ahmad Al-Dahle and Aiesha Letman and Akhil Mathur and Alan Schelten and Alex Vaughan and Amy Yang and Angela Fan and Anirudh Goyal and Anthony Hartshorn and Aobo Yang and Archi Mitra and Archie Sravankumar and Artem Korenev and Arthur Hinsvark and Arun Rao and Aston Zhang and Aurelien Rodriguez and Austen Gregerson and Ava Spataru and Baptiste Roziere and Bethany Biron and Binh Tang and Bobbie Chern and Charlotte Caucheteux and Chaya Nayak and Chloe Bi and Chris Marra and Chris McConnell and Christian Keller and Christophe Touret and Chunyang Wu and Corinne Wong and Cristian Canton Ferrer and Cyrus Nikolaidis and Damien Allonsius and Daniel Song and Danielle Pintz and Danny Livshits and Danny Wyatt and David Esiobu and Dhruv Choudhary and Dhruv Mahajan and Diego Garcia-Olano and Diego Perino and Dieuwke Hupkes and Egor Lakomkin and Ehab AlBadawy and Elina Lobanova and Emily Dinan and Eric Michael Smith and Filip Radenovic and Francisco Guzmán and Frank Zhang and Gabriel Synnaeve and Gabrielle Lee and Georgia Lewis Anderson and Govind Thattai and Graeme Nail and Gregoire Mialon and Guan Pang and Guillem Cucurell and Hailey Nguyen and Hannah Korevaar and Hu Xu and Hugo Touvron and Iliyan Zarov and Imanol Arrieta Ibarra and Isabel Kloumann and Ishan Misra and Ivan Evtimov and Jack Zhang and Jade Copet and Jaewon Lee and Jan Geffert and Jana Vranes and Jason Park and Jay Mahadeokar and Jeet Shah and Jelmer van der Linde and Jennifer Billock and Jenny Hong and Jenya Lee and Jeremy Fu and Jianfeng Chi and Jianyu Huang and Jiawen Liu and Jie Wang and Jiecao Yu and Joanna Bitton and Joe Spisak and Jongsoo Park and Joseph Rocca and Joshua Johnstun and Joshua Saxe and Junteng Jia and Kalyan Vasuden Alwala and Karthik Prasad and Kartikeya Upasani and Kate Plawiak and Ke Li and Kenneth Heafield and Kevin Stone and Khalid El-Arini and Krithika Iyer and Kshitiz Malik and Kuenley Chiu and Kunal Bhalla and Kushal Lakhotia and Lauren Rantala-Yeary and Laurens van der Maaten and Lawrence Chen and Liang Tan and Liz Jenkins and Louis Martin and Lovish Madaan and Lubo Malo and Lukas Blecher and Lukas Landzaat and Luke de Oliveira and Madeline Muzzi and Mahesh Pasupuleti and Mannat Singh and Manohar Paluri and Marcin Kardas and Maria Tsimpoukelli and Mathew Oldham and Mathieu Rita and Maya Pavlova and Melanie Kambadur and Mike Lewis and Min Si and Mitesh Kumar Singh and Mona Hassan and Naman Goyal and Narjes Torabi and Nikolay Bashlykov and Nikolay Bogoychev and Niladri Chatterji and Ning Zhang and Olivier Duchenne and Onur Çelebi and Patrick Alrassy and Pengchuan Zhang and Pengwei Li and Petar Vasic and Peter Weng and Prajjwal Bhargava and Pratik Dubal and Praveen Krishnan and Punit Singh Koura and Puxin Xu and Qing He and Qingxiao Dong and Ragavan Srinivasan and Raj Ganapathy and Ramon Calderer and Ricardo Silveira Cabral and Robert Stojnic and Roberta Raileanu and Rohan Maheswari and Rohit Girdhar and Rohit Patel and Romain Sauvestre and Ronnie Polidoro and Roshan Sumbaly and Ross Taylor and Ruan Silva and Rui Hou and Rui Wang and Saghar Hosseini and Sahana Chennabasappa and Sanjay Singh and Sean Bell and Seohyun Sonia Kim and Sergey Edunov and Shaoliang Nie and Sharan Narang and Sharath Raparthy and Sheng Shen and Shengye Wan and Shruti Bhosale and Shun Zhang and Simon Vandenhende and Soumya Batra and Spencer Whitman and Sten Sootla and Stephane Collot and Suchin Gururangan and Sydney Borodinsky and Tamar Herman and Tara Fowler and Tarek Sheasha and Thomas Georgiou and Thomas Scialom and Tobias Speckbacher and Todor Mihaylov and Tong Xiao and Ujjwal Karn and Vedanuj Goswami and Vibhor Gupta and Vignesh Ramanathan and Viktor Kerkez and Vincent Gonguet and Virginie Do and Vish Vogeti and Vítor Albiero and Vladan Petrovic and Weiwei Chu and Wenhan Xiong and Wenyin Fu and Whitney Meers and Xavier Martinet and Xiaodong Wang and Xiaofang Wang and Xiaoqing Ellen Tan and Xide Xia and Xinfeng Xie and Xuchao Jia and Xuewei Wang and Yaelle Goldschlag and Yashesh Gaur and Yasmine Babaei and Yi Wen and Yiwen Song and Yuchen Zhang and Yue Li and Yuning Mao and Zacharie Delpierre Coudert and Zheng Yan and Zhengxing Chen and Zoe Papakipos and Aaditya Singh and Aayushi Srivastava and Abha Jain and Adam Kelsey and Adam Shajnfeld and Adithya Gangidi and Adolfo Victoria and Ahuva Goldstand and Ajay Menon and Ajay Sharma and Alex Boesenberg and Alexei Baevski and Allie Feinstein and Amanda Kallet and Amit Sangani and Amos Teo and Anam Yunus and Andrei Lupu and Andres Alvarado and Andrew Caples and Andrew Gu and Andrew Ho and Andrew Poulton and Andrew Ryan and Ankit Ramchandani and Annie Dong and Annie Franco and Anuj Goyal and Aparajita Saraf and Arkabandhu Chowdhury and Ashley Gabriel and Ashwin Bharambe and Assaf Eisenman and Azadeh Yazdan and Beau James and Ben Maurer and Benjamin Leonhardi and Bernie Huang and Beth Loyd and Beto De Paola and Bhargavi Paranjape and Bing Liu and Bo Wu and Boyu Ni and Braden Hancock and Bram Wasti and Brandon Spence and Brani Stojkovic and Brian Gamido and Britt Montalvo and Carl Parker and Carly Burton and Catalina Mejia and Ce Liu and Changhan Wang and Changkyu Kim and Chao Zhou and Chester Hu and Ching-Hsiang Chu and Chris Cai and Chris Tindal and Christoph Feichtenhofer and Cynthia Gao and Damon Civin and Dana Beaty and Daniel Kreymer and Daniel Li and David Adkins and David Xu and Davide Testuggine and Delia David and Devi Parikh and Diana Liskovich and Didem Foss and Dingkang Wang and Duc Le and Dustin Holland and Edward Dowling and Eissa Jamil and Elaine Montgomery and Eleonora Presani and Emily Hahn and Emily Wood and Eric-Tuan Le and Erik Brinkman and Esteban Arcaute and Evan Dunbar and Evan Smothers and Fei Sun and Felix Kreuk and Feng Tian and Filippos Kokkinos and Firat Ozgenel and Francesco Caggioni and Frank Kanayet and Frank Seide and Gabriela Medina Florez and Gabriella Schwarz and Gada Badeer and Georgia Swee and Gil Halpern and Grant Herman and Grigory Sizov and Guangyi and Zhang and Guna Lakshminarayanan and Hakan Inan and Hamid Shojanazeri and Han Zou and Hannah Wang and Hanwen Zha and Haroun Habeeb and Harrison Rudolph and Helen Suk and Henry Aspegren and Hunter Goldman and Hongyuan Zhan and Ibrahim Damlaj and Igor Molybog and Igor Tufanov and Ilias Leontiadis and Irina-Elena Veliche and Itai Gat and Jake Weissman and James Geboski and James Kohli and Janice Lam and Japhet Asher and Jean-Baptiste Gaya and Jeff Marcus and Jeff Tang and Jennifer Chan and Jenny Zhen and Jeremy Reizenstein and Jeremy Teboul and Jessica Zhong and Jian Jin and Jingyi Yang and Joe Cummings and Jon Carvill and Jon Shepard and Jonathan McPhie and Jonathan Torres and Josh Ginsburg and Junjie Wang and Kai Wu and Kam Hou U and Karan Saxena and Kartikay Khandelwal and Katayoun Zand and Kathy Matosich and Kaushik Veeraraghavan and Kelly Michelena and Keqian Li and Kiran Jagadeesh and Kun Huang and Kunal Chawla and Kyle Huang and Lailin Chen and Lakshya Garg and Lavender A and Leandro Silva and Lee Bell and Lei Zhang and Liangpeng Guo and Licheng Yu and Liron Moshkovich and Luca Wehrstedt and Madian Khabsa and Manav Avalani and Manish Bhatt and Martynas Mankus and Matan Hasson and Matthew Lennie and Matthias Reso and Maxim Groshev and Maxim Naumov and Maya Lathi and Meghan Keneally and Miao Liu and Michael L. Seltzer and Michal Valko and Michelle Restrepo and Mihir Patel and Mik Vyatskov and Mikayel Samvelyan and Mike Clark and Mike Macey and Mike Wang and Miquel Jubert Hermoso and Mo Metanat and Mohammad Rastegari and Munish Bansal and Nandhini Santhanam and Natascha Parks and Natasha White and Navyata Bawa and Nayan Singhal and Nick Egebo and Nicolas Usunier and Nikhil Mehta and Nikolay Pavlovich Laptev and Ning Dong and Norman Cheng and Oleg Chernoguz and Olivia Hart and Omkar Salpekar and Ozlem Kalinli and Parkin Kent and Parth Parekh and Paul Saab and Pavan Balaji and Pedro Rittner and Philip Bontrager and Pierre Roux and Piotr Dollar and Polina Zvyagina and Prashant Ratanchandani and Pritish Yuvraj and Qian Liang and Rachad Alao and Rachel Rodriguez and Rafi Ayub and Raghotham Murthy and Raghu Nayani and Rahul Mitra and Rangaprabhu Parthasarathy and Raymond Li and Rebekkah Hogan and Robin Battey and Rocky Wang and Russ Howes and Ruty Rinott and Sachin Mehta and Sachin Siby and Sai Jayesh Bondu and Samyak Datta and Sara Chugh and Sara Hunt and Sargun Dhillon and Sasha Sidorov and Satadru Pan and Saurabh Mahajan and Saurabh Verma and Seiji Yamamoto and Sharadh Ramaswamy and Shaun Lindsay and Shaun Lindsay and Sheng Feng and Shenghao Lin and Shengxin Cindy Zha and Shishir Patil and Shiva Shankar and Shuqiang Zhang and Shuqiang Zhang and Sinong Wang and Sneha Agarwal and Soji Sajuyigbe and Soumith Chintala and Stephanie Max and Stephen Chen and Steve Kehoe and Steve Satterfield and Sudarshan Govindaprasad and Sumit Gupta and Summer Deng and Sungmin Cho and Sunny Virk and Suraj Subramanian and Sy Choudhury and Sydney Goldman and Tal Remez and Tamar Glaser and Tamara Best and Thilo Koehler and Thomas Robinson and Tianhe Li and Tianjun Zhang and Tim Matthews and Timothy Chou and Tzook Shaked and Varun Vontimitta and Victoria Ajayi and Victoria Montanez and Vijai Mohan and Vinay Satish Kumar and Vishal Mangla and Vlad Ionescu and Vlad Poenaru and Vlad Tiberiu Mihailescu and Vladimir Ivanov and Wei Li and Wenchen Wang and Wenwen Jiang and Wes Bouaziz and Will Constable and Xiaocheng Tang and Xiaojian Wu and Xiaolan Wang and Xilun Wu and Xinbo Gao and Yaniv Kleinman and Yanjun Chen and Ye Hu and Ye Jia and Ye Qi and Yenda Li and Yilin Zhang and Ying Zhang and Yossi Adi and Youngjin Nam and Yu and Wang and Yu Zhao and Yuchen Hao and Yundi Qian and Yunlu Li and Yuzi He and Zach Rait and Zachary DeVito and Zef Rosnbrick and Zhaoduo Wen and Zhenyu Yang and Zhiwei Zhao and Zhiyu Ma},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2407.21783},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21783}, 
}

@misc{yang2025qwen3technicalreport,
      title={{Qwen3 Technical Report}}, 
      author={An Yang and Anfeng Li and Baosong Yang and Beichen Zhang and Binyuan Hui and Bo Zheng and Bowen Yu and Chang Gao and Chengen Huang and Chenxu Lv and Chujie Zheng and Dayiheng Liu and Fan Zhou and Fei Huang and Feng Hu and Hao Ge and Haoran Wei and Huan Lin and Jialong Tang and Jian Yang and Jianhong Tu and Jianwei Zhang and Jianxin Yang and Jiaxi Yang and Jing Zhou and Jingren Zhou and Junyang Lin and Kai Dang and Keqin Bao and Kexin Yang and Le Yu and Lianghao Deng and Mei Li and Mingfeng Xue and Mingze Li and Pei Zhang and Peng Wang and Qin Zhu and Rui Men and Ruize Gao and Shixuan Liu and Shuang Luo and Tianhao Li and Tianyi Tang and Wenbiao Yin and Xingzhang Ren and Xinyu Wang and Xinyu Zhang and Xuancheng Ren and Yang Fan and Yang Su and Yichang Zhang and Yinger Zhang and Yu Wan and Yuqiong Liu and Zekun Wang and Zeyu Cui and Zhenru Zhang and Zhipeng Zhou and Zihan Qiu},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2505.09388},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09388}, 
}

@misc{singh2025openaigpt5card,
      title={{OpenAI GPT-5 System Card}}, 
      author={Aaditya Singh and Adam Fry and Adam Perelman and Adam Tart and Adi Ganesh and Ahmed El-Kishky and Aidan McLaughlin and Aiden Low and AJ Ostrow and Akhila Ananthram and Akshay Nathan and Alan Luo and Alec Helyar and Aleksander Madry and Aleksandr Efremov and Aleksandra Spyra and Alex Baker-Whitcomb and Alex Beutel and Alex Karpenko and Alex Makelov and Alex Neitz and Alex Wei and Alexandra Barr and Alexandre Kirchmeyer and Alexey Ivanov and Alexi Christakis and Alistair Gillespie and Allison Tam and Ally Bennett and Alvin Wan and Alyssa Huang and Amy McDonald Sandjideh and Amy Yang and Ananya Kumar and Andre Saraiva and Andrea Vallone and Andrei Gheorghe and Andres Garcia Garcia and Andrew Braunstein and Andrew Liu and Andrew Schmidt and Andrey Mereskin and Andrey Mishchenko and Andy Applebaum and Andy Rogerson and Ann Rajan and Annie Wei and Anoop Kotha and Anubha Srivastava and Anushree Agrawal and Arun Vijayvergiya and Ashley Tyra and Ashvin Nair and Avi Nayak and Ben Eggers and Bessie Ji and Beth Hoover and Bill Chen and Blair Chen and Boaz Barak and Borys Minaiev and Botao Hao and Bowen Baker and Brad Lightcap and Brandon McKinzie and Brandon Wang and Brendan Quinn and Brian Fioca and Brian Hsu and Brian Yang and Brian Yu and Brian Zhang and Brittany Brenner and Callie Riggins Zetino and Cameron Raymond and Camillo Lugaresi and Carolina Paz and Cary Hudson and Cedric Whitney and Chak Li and Charles Chen and Charlotte Cole and Chelsea Voss and Chen Ding and Chen Shen and Chengdu Huang and Chris Colby and Chris Hallacy and Chris Koch and Chris Lu and Christina Kaplan and Christina Kim and CJ Minott-Henriques and Cliff Frey and Cody Yu and Coley Czarnecki and Colin Reid and Colin Wei and Cory Decareaux and Cristina Scheau and Cyril Zhang and Cyrus Forbes and Da Tang and Dakota Goldberg and Dan Roberts and Dana Palmie and Daniel Kappler and Daniel Levine and Daniel Wright and Dave Leo and David Lin and David Robinson and Declan Grabb and Derek Chen and Derek Lim and Derek Salama and Dibya Bhattacharjee and Dimitris Tsipras and Dinghua Li and Dingli Yu and DJ Strouse and Drew Williams and Dylan Hunn and Ed Bayes and Edwin Arbus and Ekin Akyurek and Elaine Ya Le and Elana Widmann and Eli Yani and Elizabeth Proehl and Enis Sert and Enoch Cheung and Eri Schwartz and Eric Han and Eric Jiang and Eric Mitchell and Eric Sigler and Eric Wallace and Erik Ritter and Erin Kavanaugh and Evan Mays and Evgenii Nikishin and Fangyuan Li and Felipe Petroski Such and Filipe de Avila Belbute Peres and Filippo Raso and Florent Bekerman and Foivos Tsimpourlas and Fotis Chantzis and Francis Song and Francis Zhang and Gaby Raila and Garrett McGrath and Gary Briggs and Gary Yang and Giambattista Parascandolo and Gildas Chabot and Grace Kim and Grace Zhao and Gregory Valiant and Guillaume Leclerc and Hadi Salman and Hanson Wang and Hao Sheng and Haoming Jiang and Haoyu Wang and Haozhun Jin and Harshit Sikchi and Heather Schmidt and Henry Aspegren and Honglin Chen and Huida Qiu and Hunter Lightman and Ian Covert and Ian Kivlichan and Ian Silber and Ian Sohl and Ibrahim Hammoud and Ignasi Clavera and Ikai Lan and Ilge Akkaya and Ilya Kostrikov and Irina Kofman and Isak Etinger and Ishaan Singal and Jackie Hehir and Jacob Huh and Jacqueline Pan and Jake Wilczynski and Jakub Pachocki and James Lee and James Quinn and Jamie Kiros and Janvi Kalra and Jasmyn Samaroo and Jason Wang and Jason Wolfe and Jay Chen and Jay Wang and Jean Harb and Jeffrey Han and Jeffrey Wang and Jennifer Zhao and Jeremy Chen and Jerene Yang and Jerry Tworek and Jesse Chand and Jessica Landon and Jessica Liang and Ji Lin and Jiancheng Liu and Jianfeng Wang and Jie Tang and Jihan Yin and Joanne Jang and Joel Morris and Joey Flynn and Johannes Ferstad and Johannes Heidecke and John Fishbein and John Hallman and Jonah Grant and Jonathan Chien and Jonathan Gordon and Jongsoo Park and Jordan Liss and Jos Kraaijeveld and Joseph Guay and Joseph Mo and Josh Lawson and Josh McGrath and Joshua Vendrow and Joy Jiao and Julian Lee and Julie Steele and Julie Wang and Junhua Mao and Kai Chen and Kai Hayashi and Kai Xiao and Kamyar Salahi and Kan Wu and Karan Sekhri and Karan Sharma and Karan Singhal and Karen Li and Kenny Nguyen and Keren Gu-Lemberg and Kevin King and Kevin Liu and Kevin Stone and Kevin Yu and Kristen Ying and Kristian Georgiev and Kristie Lim and Kushal Tirumala and Kyle Miller and Lama Ahmad and Larry Lv and Laura Clare and Laurance Fauconnet and Lauren Itow and Lauren Yang and Laurentia Romaniuk and Leah Anise and Lee Byron and Leher Pathak and Leon Maksin and Leyan Lo and Leyton Ho and Li Jing and Liang Wu and Liang Xiong and Lien Mamitsuka and Lin Yang and Lindsay McCallum and Lindsey Held and Liz Bourgeois and Logan Engstrom and Lorenz Kuhn and Louis Feuvrier and Lu Zhang and Lucas Switzer and Lukas Kondraciuk and Lukasz Kaiser and Manas Joglekar and Mandeep Singh and Mandip Shah and Manuka Stratta and Marcus Williams and Mark Chen and Mark Sun and Marselus Cayton and Martin Li and Marvin Zhang and Marwan Aljubeh and Matt Nichols and Matthew Haines and Max Schwarzer and Mayank Gupta and Meghan Shah and Melody Huang and Meng Dong and Mengqing Wang and Mia Glaese and Micah Carroll and Michael Lampe and Michael Malek and Michael Sharman and Michael Zhang and Michele Wang and Michelle Pokrass and Mihai Florian and Mikhail Pavlov and Miles Wang and Ming Chen and Mingxuan Wang and Minnia Feng and Mo Bavarian and Molly Lin and Moose Abdool and Mostafa Rohaninejad and Nacho Soto and Natalie Staudacher and Natan LaFontaine and Nathan Marwell and Nelson Liu and Nick Preston and Nick Turley and Nicklas Ansman and Nicole Blades and Nikil Pancha and Nikita Mikhaylin and Niko Felix and Nikunj Handa and Nishant Rai and Nitish Keskar and Noam Brown and Ofir Nachum and Oleg Boiko and Oleg Murk and Olivia Watkins and Oona Gleeson and Pamela Mishkin and Patryk Lesiewicz and Paul Baltescu and Pavel Belov and Peter Zhokhov and Philip Pronin and Phillip Guo and Phoebe Thacker and Qi Liu and Qiming Yuan and Qinghua Liu and Rachel Dias and Rachel Puckett and Rahul Arora and Ravi Teja Mullapudi and Raz Gaon and Reah Miyara and Rennie Song and Rishabh Aggarwal and RJ Marsan and Robel Yemiru and Robert Xiong and Rohan Kshirsagar and Rohan Nuttall and Roman Tsiupa and Ronen Eldan and Rose Wang and Roshan James and Roy Ziv and Rui Shu and Ruslan Nigmatullin and Saachi Jain and Saam Talaie and Sam Altman and Sam Arnesen and Sam Toizer and Sam Toyer and Samuel Miserendino and Sandhini Agarwal and Sarah Yoo and Savannah Heon and Scott Ethersmith and Sean Grove and Sean Taylor and Sebastien Bubeck and Sever Banesiu and Shaokyi Amdo and Shengjia Zhao and Sherwin Wu and Shibani Santurkar and Shiyu Zhao and Shraman Ray Chaudhuri and Shreyas Krishnaswamy and Shuaiqi and Xia and Shuyang Cheng and Shyamal Anadkat and Simón Posada Fishman and Simon Tobin and Siyuan Fu and Somay Jain and Song Mei and Sonya Egoian and Spencer Kim and Spug Golden and SQ Mah and Steph Lin and Stephen Imm and Steve Sharpe and Steve Yadlowsky and Sulman Choudhry and Sungwon Eum and Suvansh Sanjeev and Tabarak Khan and Tal Stramer and Tao Wang and Tao Xin and Tarun Gogineni and Taya Christianson and Ted Sanders and Tejal Patwardhan and Thomas Degry and Thomas Shadwell and Tianfu Fu and Tianshi Gao and Timur Garipov and Tina Sriskandarajah and Toki Sherbakov and Tomer Kaftan and Tomo Hiratsuka and Tongzhou Wang and Tony Song and Tony Zhao and Troy Peterson and Val Kharitonov and Victoria Chernova and Vineet Kosaraju and Vishal Kuo and Vitchyr Pong and Vivek Verma and Vlad Petrov and Wanning Jiang and Weixing Zhang and Wenda Zhou and Wenlei Xie and Wenting Zhan and Wes McCabe and Will DePue and Will Ellsworth and Wulfie Bain and Wyatt Thompson and Xiangning Chen and Xiangyu Qi and Xin Xiang and Xinwei Shi and Yann Dubois and Yaodong Yu and Yara Khakbaz and Yifan Wu and Yilei Qian and Yin Tat Lee and Yinbo Chen and Yizhen Zhang and Yizhong Xiong and Yonglong Tian and Young Cha and Yu Bai and Yu Yang and Yuan Yuan and Yuanzhi Li and Yufeng Zhang and Yuguang Yang and Yujia Jin and Yun Jiang and Yunyun Wang and Yushi Wang and Yutian Liu and Zach Stubenvoll and Zehao Dou and Zheng Wu and Zhigang Wang},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2601.03267},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.03267}, 
}

@inproceedings{devlin-etal-2019-bert,
    title = {{BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding}},
    author = "Devlin, Jacob  and
      Chang, Ming-Wei  and
      Lee, Kenton  and
      Toutanova, Kristina",
    editor = "Burstein, Jill  and
      Doran, Christy  and
      Solorio, Thamar",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/N19-1423/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1423",
    pages = "4171--4186",
    abstract = "We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models (Peters et al., 2018a; Radford et al., 2018), BERT is designed to pre-train deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be fine-tuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial task-specific architecture modifications. BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5 (7.7 point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7{\%} (4.6{\%} absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement)."
}

@misc{liu2019robertarobustlyoptimizedbert,
      title={{RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach}}, 
      author={Yinhan Liu and Myle Ott and Naman Goyal and Jingfei Du and Mandar Joshi and Danqi Chen and Omer Levy and Mike Lewis and Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov},
      year={2019},
      eprint={1907.11692},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11692}, 
}
@inproceedings{
he2023debertav,
title={{De{BERT}aV3: Improving De{BERT}a using {ELECTRA}-Style Pre-Training with Gradient-Disentangled Embedding Sharing}},
author={Pengcheng He and Jianfeng Gao and Weizhu Chen},
booktitle={Proceedings of Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations },
year={2023},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=sE7-XhLxHA}
}


@inproceedings{conneau-etal-2020-unsupervised,
    title = {{Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale}},
    author = "Conneau, Alexis  and
      Khandelwal, Kartikay  and
      Goyal, Naman  and
      Chaudhary, Vishrav  and
      Wenzek, Guillaume  and
      Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco  and
      Grave, Edouard  and
      Ott, Myle  and
      Zettlemoyer, Luke  and
      Stoyanov, Veselin",
    editor = "Jurafsky, Dan  and
      Chai, Joyce  and
      Schluter, Natalie  and
      Tetreault, Joel",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.747/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.747",
    pages = "8440--8451",
    abstract = "This paper shows that pretraining multilingual language models at scale leads to significant performance gains for a wide range of cross-lingual transfer tasks. We train a Transformer-based masked language model on one hundred languages, using more than two terabytes of filtered CommonCrawl data. Our model, dubbed XLM-R, significantly outperforms multilingual BERT (mBERT) on a variety of cross-lingual benchmarks, including +14.6{\%} average accuracy on XNLI, +13{\%} average F1 score on MLQA, and +2.4{\%} F1 score on NER. XLM-R performs particularly well on low-resource languages, improving 15.7{\%} in XNLI accuracy for Swahili and 11.4{\%} for Urdu over previous XLM models. We also present a detailed empirical analysis of the key factors that are required to achieve these gains, including the trade-offs between (1) positive transfer and capacity dilution and (2) the performance of high and low resource languages at scale. Finally, we show, for the first time, the possibility of multilingual modeling without sacrificing per-language performance; XLM-R is very competitive with strong monolingual models on the GLUE and XNLI benchmarks. We will make our code and models publicly available."
}
%%%______