@inproceedings{kalinina-etal-2026-learner,
    title = "A Learner-Oriented Annotated Resource of {F}rench Multiword Expressions for Text Adaptation in Foreign Language Reading",
    author = "Kalinina, Anna  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Vassiliadou, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne  and
      Todirascu, Amalia",
    editor = "Shardlow, Matthew  and
      Fran{\c{c}}ois, Thomas  and
      Amaro, Raquel  and
      Baptista, Jorge  and
      Cardon, R{\'e}mi  and
      Ribeiro, Eug{\'e}nio  and
      Saggion, Horacio  and
      Stodden, Regina  and
      Todirascu, Amalia  and
      Wilkens, Rodrigo",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Readability and Text Simplification ({READI}x{TSAR}) @ {LREC} 2026",
    month = may,
    year = "2026",
    address = "Palma, Mallorca (Spain)",
    publisher = "ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-lrec/2026.readi-1.14/",
    doi = "10.63317/47m6wxhoqpej",
    pages = "181--192",
    abstract = "This article presents a learner-oriented annotated lexical resource of French multiword expressions (MWEs) designed to support text adaptation in foreign language reading. MWEs, including idioms and collocations, pose major comprehension challenges for learners because their meaning often cannot be inferred compositionally or depends on conventional lexical constraints. To address this issue, the study extends the existing verbal MWE database by integrating nominal and verbal MWEs annotated according to a linguistically grounded typology distinguishing idioms, opaque collocations, and transparent collocations. The resource was developed through a multi-step methodology combining automatic extraction from pedagogical corpora, manual annotation using decision-tree-based guidelines, and CEFR level assignment based on corpus distribution. The resulting dataset includes approximately 2,700 expressions enriched with detailed linguistic and learner-relevant metadata. Annotation campaigns involving native and non-native annotators showed moderate agreement, reflecting the gradient nature of phraseological opacity. By linking phraseological complexity with learner proficiency, this resource provides a reproducible framework for modeling MWE difficulty. It offers valuable support for text adaptation, readability assessment, and the development of NLP-based educational tools, contributing to improved accessibility of French texts for language learners."
}