@inproceedings{bulbul-2025-bicap,
    title = "{B}i{C}ap: {B}angla Image Captioning Using Attention-based Encoder-Decoder Architecture",
    author = "Bulbul, Md Aminul Kader",
    editor = "Alam, Firoj  and
      Kar, Sudipta  and
      Chowdhury, Shammur Absar  and
      Hassan, Naeemul  and
      Prince, Enamul Hoque  and
      Tasnim, Mohiuddin  and
      Rony, Md Rashad Al Hasan  and
      Rahman, Md Tahmid Rahman",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Bangla Language Processing (BLP-2025)",
    month = dec,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Mumbai, India",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-ijcnlp-aacl/2025.banglalp-1.6/",
    pages = "80--90",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-314-2",
    abstract = "Automatic image captioning has gained significant attention at the intersection of computer vision and natural language processing, yet research in low-resource languages such as Bangla remains limited. This work introduces BiCap, an attention-based encoder{--}decoder framework designed for Bangla image captioning. The model leverages a pretrained ResNet-50 as the encoder to extract rich visual features and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network as the decoder to sequentially generate Bangla captions. To overcome the fixed-length bottleneck of traditional encoder{--}decoder architectures, we integrate Bahdanau attention, enabling the decoder to dynamically focus on salient image regions while producing each word. The model is trained and evaluated on the Chitron dataset, with extensive preprocessing including vocabulary construction, tokenization, and word embedding. Experimental results demonstrate that BiCap achieves superior performance over the existing works (Masud et al., 2025; Hossain et al., 2024; Das et al., 2023; Humaira et al., 2021), yielding higher BLEU, METEOR, ROUGE, CIDEr scores. Improved fluency in human evaluation further confirms that the model generates more contextually accurate and semantically coherent captions, although occasional challenges remain with complex scenes. Recent advances in Vision{--}Language Models (VLMs), such as CLIP, BLIP, Flamingo, LLaVA, and MiniGPT-4, have redefined state-of-the-art captioning performance in high-resource settings. However, these models require large multimodal corpora and extensive pretraining that are currently unavailable for Bangla. BiCap therefore offers a resource-efficient, interpretable, and practically deployable solution tailored to low-resource multimodal learning."
}