Large Language Models (LLMs) with safe-alignment training are powerful instruments with robust language comprehension capability. Typically LLMs undergo careful alignment training involving human feedback to ensure the acceptance of safe inputs while rejection of harmful or unsafe ones. However, these humongous models are still vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, in which malicious users attempt to generate harmful outputs that safety-aligned LLMs are trained to avoid. In this study, we find that the safety mechanisms in LLMs are predominantly prevalent in the middle-to-late layers. Based on this observation, we introduce a novel white-box jailbreak method SABER (Safety Alignment Bypass via Extra Residuals) that connects two intermediate layer s and e such that s<e with a residual connection, achieving an improvement of 51% over the best performing baseline GCG on HarmBench test set. Moreover, model demonstrates only a marginal shift in perplexity when evaluated on the validation set of HarmBench.

Moderating hate speech (HS) in the evolving online landscape is a complex challenge, compounded by the multimodal nature of digital content. This survey examines recent advancements in HS moderation, focusing on the burgeoning role of large language models (LLMs) and large multimodal models (LMMs) in detecting, explaining, debiasing, and countering HS. We begin with a comprehensive analysis of current literature, uncovering how text, images, and audio interact to spread HS. The combination of these modalities adds complexity and subtlety to HS dissemination. We also identified research gaps, particularly in underrepresented languages and cultures, and highlight the need for solutions in low-resource settings. The survey concludes with future research directions, including novel AI methodologies, ethical AI governance, and the development of context-aware systems. This overview aims to inspire further research and foster collaboration towards responsible and human-centric approaches to HS moderation in the digital age.