Rencent advancements in large language models (LLM) have shown impressive versatility across various tasks. Short text matching is one of the fundamental technologies in natural language processing. In previous studies, the common approach to applying them to Chinese is segmenting each sentence into words, and then taking these words as input. However, existing approaches have three limitations: 1) Some Chinese words are polysemous, and semantic information is not fully utilized. 2) Some models suffer potential issues caused by word segmentation and incorrect recognition of negative words affects the semantic understanding of the whole sentence. 3) Fuzzy negation words in ancient Chinese are difficult to recognize and match. In this work, we propose a novel adaptive Transformer for Chinese short text matching using Data Augmentation and Semantic Awareness (DASA), which can fully mine the information expressed in Chinese text to deal with word ambiguity. DASA is based on a Graph Attention Transformer Encoder that takes two word lattice graphs as input and integrates sense information from N-HowNet to moderate word ambiguity. Specially, we use an LLM to generate similar sentences for the optimal text representation. Experimental results show that the augmentation done using DASA can considerably boost the performance of our system and achieve significantly better results than previous state-of-the-art methods on four available datasets, namely MNS, LCQMC, AFQMC, and BQ.