@inproceedings{arad-etal-2025-saes,
    title = "{SAE}s Are Good for Steering {--} If You Select the Right Features",
    author = "Arad, Dana  and
      Mueller, Aaron  and
      Belinkov, Yonatan",
    editor = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Rose, Carolyn  and
      Peng, Violet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Suzhou, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-emnlp/2025.emnlp-main.519/",
    pages = "10252--10270",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-332-6",
    abstract = "Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have been proposed as an unsupervised approach to learn a decomposition of a model{'}s latent space. This enables useful applications, such as fine-grained steering of model outputs without requiring labeled data. Current steering methods identify SAE features to target by analyzing the input tokens that activate them. However, recent work has highlighted that activations alone do not fully describe the effect of a feature on the model{'}s output. In this work we draw a distinction between two types of features: input features, which mainly capture patterns in the model{'}s input, and output features, those that have a human-understandable effect on the model{'}s output. We propose input and output scores to characterize and locate these types of features, and show that high values for both scores rarely co-occur in the same features. These findings have practical implications: After filtering out features with low output scores, steering with SAEs results in a 2{--}3x improvement, matching the performance of existing supervised methods."
}