@inproceedings{chen-etal-2025-feels,
    title = "``Feels Feminine to Me'': Understanding Perceived Gendered Style through Human Annotations",
    author = "Chen, Hongyu  and
      Falk, Neele  and
      Roth, Michael  and
      Falenska, Agnieszka",
    editor = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos  and
      Chakraborty, Tanmoy  and
      Rose, Carolyn  and
      Peng, Violet",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Suzhou, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-emnlp/2025.emnlp-main.1602/",
    pages = "31447--31468",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-332-6",
    abstract = "In NLP, language{--}gender associations are commonly grounded in the author{'}s gender identity, inferred from their language use. However, this identity-based framing risks reinforcing stereotypes and marginalizing individuals who do not conform to normative language{--}gender associations. To address this, we operationalize the language{--}gender association as a perceived gender expression of language, focusing on how such expression is externally interpreted by humans, independent of the author{'}s gender identity. We present the first dataset of itskind: 5,100 human annotations of perceived gendered style{---}human-written texts rated on a five-point scale from very feminine to verymasculine. While perception is inherently subjective, our analysis identifies textual features associated with higher agreement among annotators: formal expressions and lower emotional intensity. Moreover, annotator demographics influence their perception: women annotators are more likely to label texts as feminine, and men and non-binary annotators as masculine. Finally, feature analysis reveals that the text{'}s perceived gendered style is shaped by both affective and function words, partially overlapping with known patterns of language variation across gender identities. Our findings lay the groundwork for operationalizing gendered style through human annotation, while also highlighting annotators' subjective judgments as meaningful signals to understand perception-based concepts."
}