@inproceedings{de-kuthy-etal-2025-automatic,
    title = "Automatic concept extraction for learning domain modeling: A weakly supervised approach using contextualized word embeddings",
    author = "De Kuthy, Kordula  and
      Girrbach, Leander  and
      Meurers, Detmar",
    editor = {Kochmar, Ekaterina  and
      Alhafni, Bashar  and
      Bexte, Marie  and
      Burstein, Jill  and
      Horbach, Andrea  and
      Laarmann-Quante, Ronja  and
      Tack, Ana{\"i}s  and
      Yaneva, Victoria  and
      Yuan, Zheng},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 20th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2025)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2025",
    address = "Vienna, Austria",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-emnlp/2025.bea-1.13/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2025.bea-1.13",
    pages = "175--185",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-270-1",
    abstract = "Heterogeneity in student populations poses achallenge in formal education, with adaptivetextbooks offering a potential solution by tai-loring content based on individual learner mod-els. However, creating domain models for text-books typically demands significant manual ef-fort. Recent work by Chau et al. (2021) demon-strated automated concept extraction from dig-ital textbooks, but relied on costly domain-specific manual annotations. This paper in-troduces a novel, scalable method that mini-mizes manual effort by combining contextu-alized word embeddings with weakly super-vised machine learning. Our approach clustersword embeddings from textbooks and identi-fies domain-specific concepts using a machinelearner trained on concept seeds automaticallyextracted from Wikipedia. We evaluate thismethod using 28 economics textbooks, com-paring its performance against a tf-idf baseline,a supervised machine learning baseline, theRAKE keyword extraction method, and humandomain experts. Results demonstrate that ourweakly supervised method effectively balancesaccuracy with reduced annotation effort, offer-ing a practical solution for automated conceptextraction in adaptive learning environments."
}