The Text-to-SQL task translates natural language questions into SQL queries, enabling intuitive database interaction for non-experts. While recent methods leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance, their reliance on proprietary models raises concerns about deployment feasibility and data privacy. In this work, we introduce LitE-SQL, a Lightweight and Efficient framework with two components: (i) a Schema Retriever that performs efficient schema linking using a vector database of pre-computed schema embeddings, optimized with a hard-negative supervised contrastive objective to distinguish semantically similar but functionally irrelevant columns, and (ii) a SQL Generator fine-tuned in two stages—supervised fine-tuning followed by execution-guided reinforcement—enabling execution-guided self-correction without multi-candidate sampling, which is commonly required by prior LLM-based approaches.On BIRD, LitE-SQL achieves 72.10% execution accuracy, and on Spider 1.0 it reaches 88.45%, demonstrating comparable or superior performance to LLM-based methods despite using 2× to 30× fewer parameters. Our findings demonstrate that high-quality Text-to-SQL generation is feasible with lightweight models, offering a practical solution for privacy-sensitive and resource-constrained settings.

Because machine translation (MT) still falls short of human parity, human intervention is needed to ensure quality translation. The existing literature indicates that machine translation post-editing (MTPE) generally enhances translation productivity, but the question of quality remains for domain-specific texts (e.g. Aranberri et al., 2014; Jia et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2019; Lee, 2021a,b). Although legal translation is considered as one of the most complex specialist transla-tion domains, because of the demand surge for legal translation, MT has been utilized to some extent for documents of less importance (Roberts, 2022). Given that little research has examined the productivity and quality of MT and MTPE in Korean-English legal translation, we sought to examine the productivity and quality of MT and MTPE of Korean of statutes, using DeepL, a neural machine translation engine which has recently started the Korean language service. This paper presents the preliminary findings from a research project that investigated DeepL MT qua-lity and the quality and productivity of MTPE outputs and human translations by seven professional translators.