@article{riester-baumann-2013-focus,
    title = "Focus Triggers and Focus Types from a Corpus Perspective",
    author = "Riester, Arndt  and
      Baumann, Stefan",
    editor = "Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel  and
      Dipper, Stefanie  and
      Zinsmeister, Heike  and
      Webber, Bonnie",
    journal = "Dialogue {\&} Discourse",
    volume = "4",
    year = "2013",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-dnd/2013.dnd-4.2/",
    doi = "10.5087/dad.2013.210",
    pages = "215--248",
    abstract = "The article discusses several issues relevant for the annotation of written and spoken corpus data with information structure. We discuss ways to identify focus top-down (via questions under discussion) or bottom-up (starting from pitch accents). We introduce a two-dimensional labelling scheme for information status and propose a way to distinguish between contrastive and non-contrastive information. Moreover, we take side in a current debate, claiming that focus is triggered by two sources: newness and elicited alternatives (contrast). This may lead to a high number of semantic-pragmatic foci in a single sentence. In each prosodic phrase there can be one primary focus (marked by a nuclear pitch accent) and several secondary foci (marked by weaker prosodic prominence). Second occurrence focus is one instance of secondary focus."
}