Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems often fail to maintain contextual faithfulness, generating responses that conflict with the provided context. Existing methods attempt to improve faithfulness through external interventions, such as specialized prompting, decoding-based calibration, or preference optimization. However, since these approaches treat the LLM as a black box, they lack a reliable mechanism to assess how these conflicts occur. Consequently, they tend to be brittle, data-intensive, and agnostic to the model’s internal reasoning process. In this paper, we move beyond black-box interventions to analyze the model’s internal reasoning process. We discover that conflicting and aligned knowledge states are linearly separable in the model’s latent space, and contextual noise systematically increases the entropy of these representations. Based on these findings, we propose ProbeRAG, a novel framework for faithful RAG that operates in three stages: (i) fine-grained knowledge pruning to filter irrelevant context, (ii) latent conflict probing to identify hard conflicts in the model’s latent space, and (iii) conflict-aware attention to modulate attention heads toward faithful context integration. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ProbeRAG substantially improves both accuracy and contextual faithfulness. The related resources are available at https://github.com/XMUDeepLIT/ProbeRAG.

Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) advances flat document retrieval by structuring knowledge as relational graphs, enabling more coherent and effective reasoning. However, applying it to specific domains like legal reasoning faces critical challenges. (i) Legal corpora are heterogeneous, containing multi-granular knowledge from cases, articles and interpretations. A flat knowledge graph cannot adequately differentiate between factual details, applied rules, and abstract principles, limiting accurate retrieval. (ii) Reliable legal judgment demands transparent, evidence-based reasoning. Traditional RAG passes retrieved context directly to an LLM without verification, resulting in opaque, error-prone reasoning. To this end, we propose LegalGraphRAG, a framework designed for reliable legal reasoning. Our approach introduces two core components: a hierarchical legal graph that hierarchically organizes legal sources to enable retrieval at appropriate abstraction levels, and a multi-agent system for reliable legal reasoning, where a Researcher retrieves candidate evidence, an Auditor rigorously verifies its validity against source documents, and an Adjudicator synthesizes the set of verified evidence to render a final judgment. Extensive experiments show that LegalGraphRAG achieves the state-of-the-art performance, outperforming existing GraphRAG baselines in accurate and trustworthy legal analysis. Our code, datasets and implementation details are available at https://github.com/XMUDeepLIT/LegalGraphRAG.

Entity alignment (EA), critical for knowledge graph (KG) integration, identifies equivalent entities across different KGs. Traditional methods often face challenges in semantic understanding and scalability. The rise of language models (LMs), particularly large language models (LLMs), has provided powerful new strategies. This paper systematically reviews LM-driven EA methods, proposing a novel taxonomy that categorizes methods in three key stages: data preparation, feature embedding, and alignment. We further summarize key benchmarks, evaluation metrics, and discuss future directions. This paper aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear and comprehensive understanding of how language models reshape the field of entity alignment.

Expanding the understanding capabilities of multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) for infrared modality is a challenge due to the single-modality nature and limited amount of training data. Existing methods typically construct a uniform embedding space for cross-modal alignment and leverage abundant visual image data to indirectly understand infrared images. However, they ignore the supervisory signals of infrared-modality-specific attributes, which may lead to biased understanding of infrared images. To address this issue, we propose a debating multi-agent generation system which transfers knowledge from visible images to generate infrared image-text pairs and infrared instruction data. Moreover, we construct an infrared question-answering benchmark based on common infrared tasks. Experimental results from incremental fine-tuning on existing models and our Infrared-LLaVA-7B trained from scratch on infrared data demonstrate the effectiveness of the generated data and the feasibility of the generation approach.

In proactive dialogue, the challenge lies not just in generating responses but in steering conversations toward predetermined goals, a task where Large Language Models (LLMs) typically struggle due to their reactive nature. Traditional approaches to enhance dialogue planning in LLMs, ranging from elaborate prompt engineering to the integration of policy networks, either face efficiency issues or deliver suboptimal performance. Inspired by the dual-process theory in psychology, which identifies two distinct modes of thinking—intuitive (fast) and analytical (slow), we propose the Dual-Process Dialogue Planning (DPDP) framework. DPDP embodies this theory through two complementary planning systems: an instinctive policy model for familiar contexts and a deliberative Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) mechanism for complex, novel scenarios. This dual strategy is further coupled with a novel two-stage training regimen: offline Reinforcement Learning for robust initial policy model formation followed by MCTS-enhanced on-the-fly learning, which ensures a dynamic balance between efficiency and strategic depth. Our empirical evaluations across diverse dialogue tasks affirm DPDP’s superiority in achieving both high-quality dialogues and operational efficiency, outpacing existing methods.