Yunsheng Zeng
2026
Frozen LLMs are Native Decoders for High-Norm Semantic Vectors
Yunsheng Zeng | Yongmei Tan
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Yunsheng Zeng | Yongmei Tan
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Large language models (LLMs) are designed for discrete tokens, yet they operate in a continuous embedding space. Recent context compression methods exploit this property by encoding text into dense vectors for frozen LLM decoding. However, a key question remains unanswered: how does a frozen LLM interpret continuous vectors that encode complex semantics? We investigate this through controlled reconstruction experiments. Our analysis reveals a critical geometric property: compression encoders learn to produce vectors with L2 norms two orders of magnitude higher than standard embeddings. We show that this high-norm signal is causally necessary for the frozen LLM to decode compressed information. Based on this finding, we propose a landmark-based compression framework for long contexts. Our encoder uses bidirectional attention over landmark tokens. This design captures global dependencies and avoids semantic fragmentation from segment-based methods. Experiments on text reconstruction and four QA benchmarks validate our approach. At 4x and 16x compression ratios, our method outperforms prior soft compression baselines.