Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) exhibit powerful generative capabilities but frequently produce hallucinations that compromise output reliability. Fine tuning on annotated data devoid of hallucinations offers the most direct solution, while its high computational cost motivates recent representation-based methods, which focus on mitigating hallucinatory components within hidden representations. Though efficient, we empirically observe that these methods degrade general generation capacity due to incomplete extraction of hallucination components and non-selective parameter updates. To address these limitations, we propose MPD, a dual-stage framework for mitigating hallucinations without performance degradation. Specifically, our MPD relies on two essential factors: (1) semantic-aware component disentanglement to extract pure hallucination components, and (2) interpretable parameter updates that selectively modify parameters most relevant to hallucination. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MPD achieves state-of-the-art performance, reducing hallucinations by 23.4% while maintaining 97.4% of general generative capability as evaluated on LLaVA-Bench and MME, with no additional computational cost.

Continual instruction tuning (CIT) requires multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to adapt to a stream of tasks without forgetting prior capabilities. A common strategy is to isolate updates by routing inputs to different LoRA experts. However, existing LoRA-based Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) methods often jointly update the router and experts in an indiscriminate way, causing the router’s preferences to co-drift with experts’ adaptation pathways and gradually deviate from early-stage input–expert specialization. We term this as ***Misaligned Co-drift***, which blurs expert responsibilities and exacerbates forgetting. To address this, we introduce the ***pathway activation subspace (PASs)***, a LoRA-induced subspace that reflects which low-rank pathway directions an input activates in each expert, providing a capability-aligned coordinate system for routing and preservation. Based on PASs, we propose a fixed-capacity PASs-based MoE–LoRA method with two components: PAS-guided Reweighting, which calibrates routing using each expert’s pathway activation signals, and PAS-aware Rank Stabilization, which selectively stabilizes rank directions important to previous tasks. Experiments on a CIT benchmark show that our approach consistently outperforms a range of conventional continual learning baselines and MoE–LoRA variants in both accuracy and resistance to forgetting, without increasing model parameters. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/yueluoshuangtian/PASs-MoE.

Machine unlearning aims to forget sensitive knowledge from Large Language Models (LLMs) while maintaining general utility. However, existing approaches typically treat all tokens in a response indiscriminately and enforce uncertainty over the entire vocabulary. This global treatment results in unnecessary utility degradation and extends optimization to content-agnostic regions. To address these limitations, we propose PALU (Prefix-Aware Localized Unlearning), a framework driven by a local entropy maximization objective across both temporal and vocabulary dimensions. PALU reveals that (i) suppressing the sensitive prefix alone is sufficient to sever the causal generation link, and (ii) flattening only the top-K logits is adequate to maximize uncertainty in the critical subspace. These findings allow PALU to alleviate redundant optimization across the full vocabulary and parameter space while minimizing collateral damage to general model performance. Comprehensive evaluations validate that PALU achieves superior forgetting efficacy and utility preservation compared to state-of-the-art baselines. Our code is available at https://github.com/nxZhai/PALU.