Comprehensive understanding of time series remains a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). Current research is hindered by fragmented task definitions and benchmarks with inherent ambiguities, precluding rigorous evaluation and the development of unified Time Series Reasoning Models (TSRMs). To bridge this gap, we formalize Time Series Reasoning (TSR) via a four-level taxonomy of increasing cognitive complexity. We introduce HiTSR, a **hi**erarchical **t**ime **s**eries **r**easoning dataset comprising 83k samples with diverse task combinations and verified Chain-of-Thought (CoT) trajectories. Leveraging HiTSR, we propose LLaTiSA, a strong TSRM that integrates visualized patterns with precision-calibrated numerical tables to enhance the temporal perception of Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Through a multi-stage curriculum fine-tuning strategy, LLaTiSA achieves superior performance and exhibits robust out-of-distribution generalization across diverse TSR tasks and real-world scenarios. We will publicly release the code, dataset, and model weights.