Visual scale recognition is a fundamental aspect for humans to perceive physical quantities in the real world, and it is crucial for enabling human-like intelligence in multimodal large language models (MLLMs). However, existing benchmarks typically focus on a single type of quantity (e.g., time) or a specific format (e.g., dials), lacking a comprehensive evaluation of scale recognition capabilities. To address these problems, we propose ScaleBench, a visual scale recognition benchmark built using images from COCO, Open Images, and Flickr, designed to comprehensively evaluate the scale recognition capabilities of MLLMs. To ensure high data quality, we develop detailed annotation guidelines and procedures, resulting in a total of 6,574 annotated samples. Based on this benchmark, we evaluate multiple closed-source and open-source MLLMs. Experimental results reveal that the best-performing model achieves only 42.60% accuracy, far lower than the 97.40% of humans. Furthermore, we conduct in-depth experimental analyses and provide future research directions. Our benchmark and implementation codes are available at https://github.com/Sonder-hang/ScaleBench.

Accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is crucial for hospital management and healthcare data governance. In clinical practice, straightforward cases can often be matched directly to ICD codes via diagnostic text, establishing retrieval-based methods as the baseline. More advanced approaches leverage large language models to rerank these results. However, real-world coding scenarios are typically more complex, demanding reasoning that goes beyond superficial descriptions. For instance, it involves synthesizing key information such as disease subtype, anatomical location, and complications from complex progress notes to accurately identify the primary diagnosis. However, a comprehensive evaluation framework for ICD coding based on complete EMRs is still lacking. To address these challenges, we constructed the Code4Detail dataset, which comprises 560 real clinical records covering 434 common diseases across 19 core chapters of ICD-10. To systematically explore the capability boundaries of large language models under different paradigms, we further propose the Travel on the ICD Tree (ToT-ICD) evaluation framework. Unlike the conventional retrieval-recall approach, ToT-ICD treats ICD coding as a structured exploration process across a hierarchical taxonomy. We design an agentic workflow that integrates similarity retrieval, path-guided navigation, and dynamic backtracking, enabling logical reasoning and decision-making under coding rules.

With the remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in medicine, particularly their ability to support clinical decision-making in medical dialogues, a key limitation remains: the static reasoning patterns derived from human expert experience are often inadequate for the dynamic and diverse nature of real-world multi-turn conversations. While recent large reasoning models (such as R1) enable deeper and more complex thought processes to address such challenges, they also introduce significant redundancy. Meanwhile, recent studies on reusing atomic thoughts demonstrate a practical pathway toward dynamic and precise reasoning in general domains. In this paper, we investigate the role of atomic thought-based experience in medical dialogue tasks. First, we collect human expert clinical experience. Then, we propose a novel distillation framework that extracts atomic thoughts from teacher models and reuses them to guide reasoning and generate responses. Based on this framework, we construct training data from ReMeDi and fine-tune student models, which demonstrate enhanced performance in both static and interactive medical dialogue scenarios. Furthermore, we examine the impact of experience across various models, datasets, and scenarios. Crucially, transferring this experience empowers weaker models to generate high-quality reasoning data, matching the annotation capabilities of stronger LLMs while significantly reducing costs. The code is available in this repository https://github.com/VioletAmethystLunar/Atomic-Thoughts-Medical-Dialogue.

Open-ended question answering (QA) is a key task for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Compared to closed-ended QA, it demands longer answer statements, more nuanced reasoning processes, and diverse expressions, making refined and interpretable automatic evaluation both crucial and challenging. Traditional metrics like ROUGE and BERTScore struggle to capture semantic similarities due to different patterns between model responses and reference answers. Current LLM-based evaluation approaches, such as pairwise or listwise comparisons of candidate answers, lack intuitive interpretability. While pointwise scoring of each response provides some descriptions, it fails to adapt across different question contents. Most notably, existing methods overlook the distinction between factoid and non-factoid questions. To address these challenges, we propose MinosEval, a novel evaluation method that first distinguishes open-ended questions and then ranks candidate answers using different evaluation strategies. For factoid questions, it applies an adaptive key-point scoring strategy, while for non-factoid questions, it uses an instance-aware listwise ranking strategy. Experiments on multiple open-ended QA datasets, including self-built ones with more candidate responses to complement community resources, show that MinosEval better aligns with human annotations and offers more interpretable results.

Medical quality control indicators are essential to assess the qualifications of healthcare institutions for medical services. With the impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 in the medical field, leveraging these technologies for the Medical Quality Control Indicator Calculation (MQCIC) presents a promising approach. In this work, (1) we introduce a real-world task MQCIC and propose an open-source Chinese electronic medical records (EMRs)-based dataset (CMQCIC-Bench) comprising 785 instances and 76 indicators. (2) We propose a semi-automatic method to enhance the rule representation. Then we propose the Clinical Facts-based Inferential Rule (CF-IR) method that disentangles the clinical fact verification and inferential rule reasoning actions. (3) We conduct comprehensive experiments on 20 representative LLMs, covering general and medical models. Our findings reveal that CF-IR outperforms Chain-of-Thought methods in MQCIC tasks. (4) We conduct an error analysis and investigate the capabilities of clinical fact verification and inferential rule reasoning, providing insights to improve performance in the MQCIC further. The dataset and code is available in this repository https://github.com/YuY-2001/C-MQCIC.