Jiahua Lu
2026
Route to Rome Attack: Directing LLM Routers to Expensive Models via Adversarial Suffix Optimization
Haochun Tang | Yuliang Yan | Jiahua Lu | Huaxiao Liu | Enyan Dai
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Haochun Tang | Yuliang Yan | Jiahua Lu | Huaxiao Liu | Enyan Dai
Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Cost-aware routing dynamically dispatches user queries to models of varying capability to balance performance and inference cost. However, the routing strategy introduces new security concern that adversaries may manipulate router to consistently select expensive high-capability models. Existing routing attacks depend either on white-box access or heuristic prompts, rendering them ineffective in real-world black-box scenarios. In this work, we propose R2A, which aims to mislead black-box LLM routers to expensive models via adversarial suffix optimization. Specifically, R2A deploys a hybrid ensemble surrogate router to mimic the black-box router. A suffix optimization algorithm is further adapted for the ensemble-based surrogate. Extensive experiments on multiple open-source and commercial routing systems demonstrate that R2A significantly increases the routing rate to expensive models on queries of different distributions. Code and examples: https://github.com/thcxiker/R2A-Attack.