Agentic Test-Time Scaling (TTS) has delivered state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on complex software engineering tasks such as code generation and bug fixing. However, its practical adoption remains limited due to significant computational overhead, primarily driven by two key challenges: (1) the high cost associated with deploying excessively large ensembles, and (2) the lack of a reliable mechanism for selecting the optimal candidate solution—ultimately constraining the performance gains that can be realized. To address these challenges, we propose Entropy-Guided Stepwise Scaling (EGSS), a novel TTS framework that dynamically balances efficiency and effectiveness through entropy-guided adaptive search and robust test-suite augmentation.Extensive experiments on SWE-Bench-Verified demonstrate that EGSS consistently boosts performance by 5–10% across all evaluated models. Specifically, it increases the resolved ratio of Kimi-K2-Intruct from 63.2% to 72.2%, and GLM-4.6 from 65.8% to 74.6%. Furthermore, when paired with GLM-4.6, EGSS achieves new state-of-the-art among open-source large language models. In addition to these accuracy improvements, EGSS reduces inference-time token usage by over 28% compared to existing TTS methods, achieving simultaneous gains in both effectiveness and computational efficiency.

Code localization is a primary bottleneck in automated software development. While parallel tool execution can accelerate discovery, existing agents suffer from a 34.9% redundant tool invocation rate, negating the benefits of parallelism. We introduce FuseSearch, which reframes parallel code localization as a quality–efficiency co-optimization problem. By defining tool efficiency—the ratio of novel information gain to total invocations—we employ a two-stage SFT and RL pipeline to train models in adaptive parallel strategies. Unlike fixed-breadth methods, FuseSearch dynamically adjusts search breadth based on task context, transitioning from exploration to refinement. On SWE-bench Verified, FuseSearch-4B matches SOTA performance (84.7% file-level and 56.4% function-level F₁ scores) while being 93.6% faster, using 67.7% fewer turns and 68.9% fewer tokens. Our findings demonstrate that efficiency-aware training inherently boosts quality by eliminating noisy, redundant signals, enabling high-performance, low-cost localization agents. Code: https://github.com/sxthunder/FuseSearch

Autonomous Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) enable digital automation on end-user devices. While scaling both parameters and data has yielded substantial gains, advanced methods still suffer from prohibitive deployment costs on resource-constrained devices. When facing complex in-the-wild scenarios, lightweight GUI agents are bottlenecked by limited capacity and poor task scalability under end-to-end episodic learning, impeding multi-agent systems (MAS) adaptation, while training multiple skill-specific experts remains costly. Can we strike an effective trade-off in this cost–scalability dilemma, enabling lightweight MLLMs to participate in realistic GUI workflows? To address these challenges, we propose LAMO framework, which endows a lightweight MLLM with GUI-specific knowledge and task scalability, allowing multi-role orchestration to expand their capability boundary for GUI automation. LAMO combines role-oriented data synthesis with a two-stage training recipe: (i) supervised fine-tuning with Perplexity-Weighted Cross-Entropy optimization for knowledge distillation and visual perception enhancement, and (ii) reinforcement learning for role-oriented cooperative exploration. Via LAMO, we develop a task-scalable native GUI agent LAMO-3B supporting monolithic execution and MAS-style orchestration. When paired with advanced planners, as a plug-and-play policy executor, LAMO-3B can continuously benefit from planner advances, enabling a higher performance ceiling. Extensive static and online evaluations validate the effectiveness of our designs.