Beichen Huang
2026
Hidden States as Early Signals: Step-level Trace Evaluation and Pruning for Efficient Test-Time Scaling
Zhixiang Liang | Beichen Huang | Zheng Wang | Minjia Zhang
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026
Zhixiang Liang | Beichen Huang | Zheng Wang | Minjia Zhang
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026
Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance reasoning capabilities through test-time scaling by generating multiple traces. However, the combination of lengthy reasoning traces with multiple sampling introduces substantial computation and high end-to-end latency. Prior work on accelerating this process has relied on similarity-based or confidence-based pruning, but these signals do not reliably indicate trace quality. To address these limitations, we propose **STEP**: **S**tep-level **T**race **E**valuation and **P**runing, a novel pruning framework that evaluates reasoning steps using hidden states and dynamically prunes unpromising traces during generation. We train a lightweight step scorer to estimate trace quality, and design a GPU memory-aware pruning strategy that triggers pruning as the GPU memory is saturated by KV cache to reduce end-to-end latency. Experiments across challenging reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that STEP reduces end-to-end inference latency by 45%–70% on average compared to self-consistency while also improving reasoning accuracy.