MALLM-GAN: Multi-Agent Large Language Model as Generative Adversarial Network for Synthesizing Tabular Data

Yaobin Ling, Xiaoqian Jiang, Yejin Kim


Abstract
In the era of big data, access to abundant data is crucial to driving research forward. However, such data are often inaccessible due to privacy concerns or high costs, particularly in the healthcare domain. Generating synthetic (tabular) data can address this, but existing models typically require substantial amounts of data to train effectively, contradicting our objective of solving data scarcity. To address this challenge, we propose a novel framework to generate synthetic tabular data, powered by large language models (LLMs) that emulates the architecture of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). By incorporating the data generation process as contextual information and utilizing LLM as the optimizer, our approach significantly enhances the quality of synthetic data generation in common scenarios with small sample sizes. Our experimental results on public and private datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms several state-of-art models regarding generating higher quality synthetic data for downstream tasks while keeping the privacy of the real data in low data regime. Code is available at https://github.com/yling1105/MALLM-GAN.
Anthology ID:
2026.findings-acl.7
Volume:
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026
Month:
July
Year:
2026
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San Diego, California, United States
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Maria Liakata, Viviane P. Moreira, Jiajun Zhang, David Jurgens
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Findings
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Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
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Pages:
120–136
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https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-acl/2026.findings-acl.7/
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Cite (ACL):
Yaobin Ling, Xiaoqian Jiang, and Yejin Kim. 2026. MALLM-GAN: Multi-Agent Large Language Model as Generative Adversarial Network for Synthesizing Tabular Data. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026, pages 120–136, San Diego, California, United States. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
MALLM-GAN: Multi-Agent Large Language Model as Generative Adversarial Network for Synthesizing Tabular Data (Ling et al., Findings 2026)
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