@inproceedings{lu-etal-2026-one,
    title = "One Panel Does Not Fit All: Case-Adaptive Multi-Agent Deliberation for Clinical Prediction",
    author = "Lu, Yuxing  and
      Lin, Yushuhong  and
      Zhang, Jason",
    editor = "T.Y.S.S., Santosh  and
      Rodriguez, Juan Diego  and
      de Gibert, Ona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics ({ACL} 2026)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2026",
    address = "San Diego, California, United States",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-acl/2026.acl-srw.75/",
    pages = "844--860",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-393-7",
    abstract = "Large language models applied to clinical prediction exhibit case-level heterogeneity: simple cases yield consistent outputs, while complex cases produce divergent predictions under minor prompt changes. Existing single-agent strategies sample from one role-conditioned distribution, and multi-agent frameworks use fixed roles with flat majority voting, discarding the diagnostic signal in disagreement. We propose CAMP (Case-Adaptive Multi-agent Panel), where an attending-physician agent dynamically assembles a specialist panel tailored to each case{'}s diagnostic uncertainty. Each specialist evaluates candidates via three-valued voting (KEEP/REFUSE/NEUTRAL), enabling principled abstention outside one{'}s expertise. A hybrid router directs each diagnosis through strong consensus, fallback to the attending physician{'}s judgment, or evidence-based arbitration that weighs argument quality over vote counts. On diagnostic prediction and brief hospital course generation from MIMIC-IV across four LLM backbones, CAMP consistently outperforms strong baselines while consuming fewer tokens than most competing multi-agent methods, with voting records and arbitration traces offering transparent decision audits."
}