@inproceedings{li-etal-2026-defenses,
    title = "Defenses Against Prompt Attacks Learn Surface Heuristics",
    author = "Li, Li  and
      Yu, Chenxiao  and
      Ni, Zhiyu  and
      Li, Hao  and
      Peris, Charith  and
      Xiao, Chaowei  and
      Zhao, Yue",
    editor = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Moreira, Viviane P.  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2026",
    address = "San Diego, California, United States",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-acl/2026.acl-long.502/",
    pages = "10970--10987",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-390-6",
    abstract = "Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in security-sensitive applications, where they must follow system- or developer-specified instructions that define the intended task behavior, while completing benign user requests. When adversarial instructions appear in user queries or externally retrieved content, models may override intended logic. Recent defenses rely on supervised fine-tuning with benign and malicious labels. Although these methods achieve high attack rejection rates, we find that they rely on narrow correlations in defense data rather than harmful intent, leading to systematic rejection of safe inputs. We analyze three recurring shortcut behaviors induced by defense fine-tuning. Position bias arises when benign content placed later in a prompt is rejected at much higher rates; across reasoning benchmarks, suffix-task rejection rises from below 10{\%} to as high as 90{\%}. Token trigger bias occurs when strings common in attack data raise rejection probability even in benign contexts; inserting a single trigger token increases false refusals by up to 50{\%}. Topic generalization bias reflects poor generalization beyond the defense data distribution, with defended models suffering test-time accuracy drops of up to 40{\%}. These findings suggest that current prompt-injection defenses frequently respond to attack-like surface patterns rather than the underlying intent. We introduce controlled diagnostic datasets and a systematic evaluation across two base models and multiple defense pipelines, highlighting limitations of supervised fine-tuning for reliable LLM security."
}