@inproceedings{park-etal-2026-verbal,
    title = "Verbal-R3: Verbal Reranker as the Missing Bridge between Retrieval and Reasoning",
    author = "Park, Sangkwon  and
      Kang, Donghun  and
      Mok, Jisoo  and
      Yoon, Sungroh",
    editor = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Moreira, Viviane P.  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2026",
    address = "San Diego, California, United States",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-acl/2026.acl-long.1712/",
    pages = "36900--36918",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-390-6",
    abstract = "The conventional Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) paradigm of injecting raw retrieved texts into the Large Language Model (LLM){'}s context often results in suboptimal integration of retrieved information. This paper proposes to bridge retrieval results and the LLM{'}s reasoning ability through Verbal Annotations, analytic narratives that explicitly articulate the logical connection between a search query and retrieved contexts. Our empirical investigation reveals the potential of Verbal Annotations to substantially enhance the LLM{'}s ability to generate accurate, contextually-grounded responses. Motivated by this finding, we introduce Verbal-R3, a novel agentic RAG framework that consists of a Generator and a Verbal Reranker. The Generator performs iterative retrieval and reasoning, while the Verbal Reranker returns relevance scores and Verbal Annotations to guide the reasoning and answering process of the Generator. The inference process of Verbal-R3 is further refined through relevance-guided test-time scaling, which efficiently allocates test-time compute for effective trajectory expansion. Verbal-R3 achieves state-of-the-art performance on complex Question Answering benchmarks, validating the effectiveness of the proposed framework."
}