@inproceedings{yadavalli-etal-2026-prosody,
    title = "What Do Prosody and Text Convey? Characterizing How Meaningful Information is Distributed Across Multiple Channels",
    author = "Yadavalli, Aditya  and
      Pimentel, Tiago  and
      Regev, Tamar I  and
      Wilcox, Ethan Gotlieb  and
      Warstadt, Alex",
    editor = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Moreira, Viviane P.  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2026",
    address = "San Diego, California, United States",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://preview.aclanthology.org/ingest-acl/2026.acl-long.1085/",
    pages = "23665--23679",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-390-6",
    abstract = "Prosody{---}the melody of speech{---}conveys critical information often not captured by the words or text of a message.In this paper, we propose an information-theoretic approach to quantify how much is conveyed by prosody that is not recoverable from text alone, and, crucially, what prosody conveys.Our approach applies large speech and language models to estimate the mutual information between a particular dimension of an utterance{'}s meaning (e.g., its emotion) and any of its communication channels (e.g., audio or text).We then use this approach to quantify the information conveyed by audio and text about sarcasm, emotion, and questionhood, using speech from television and podcasts.We find that for sarcasm and emotion, the audio channel, and by implication the prosodic channel, transmits over an order of magnitude more information about these features than the text channel alone, at least when long-term context beyond the current sentence is unavailable.For questionhood, prosody provides comparatively less additional information.We conclude by outlining a program applying our approach to more dimensions of meaning, communication channels, and languages."
}